MidYearPaper2~Question 5 ~seseri

Diagram 5.1 shows microorganism P that attack a bacterium.

(a) i.What is microorganism P? [1 mark ]

(ii)What type of interaction between P and the bacterium? [ 1 m]
(iii) Explain the interaction that you mentioned in (a) (ii). [2m ]

(b)State one characteristics of organism P. [1m]

Siti lives in a flat area with clogged drainage and poor sanitary system. Unluckily last week she was down with fever. She had severe body pain and rashes over the body. She also experienced severe headaches and vomiting.The doctor discovered that she had been infected by microorganism Q that carried by the vector R as shown in Diagram 5.2.


(c) i. Name the microorganism Q. [1 m]
ii. Why the antibiotic cannot treat this disease? [2 m]
iii. After one week rest, Siti is recovered. State the type of immunity she obtained. [1m]
iv. Explain the immunity you mentioned in (b) (ii). [2 m]
(d)State one similarity between microorganism P and Q.

Suggested Answer:

a) i) bacteriophage
ii) parasitism
iii) It is a relationship in which virus benefits while the bacteria is harmed.
b) -virus is a non-living cell , cannot survive or reproduce on its own outside the cells of its host // all viruses are infectious; they must infect living cells to reproduce.

c) i) Dengue virus
ii) because virus did not have the metabolism that can interrupted by antibiotic.
iii) naturally acquired active immunity
iv) this immunity is obtained after a person is exposed to a pathogen, and he the pathogen stimulate an immune response that produces antibodies.

d) -They are virus / they are pathogenic / infectious / cause disease.

MidYearPaper2~Question 4 ~seseri

Table 1.1 shows a daily food intake by a teenager.
(a)(i)Suggest two health problems which the teenager could have if she continuously taking the above menu for a long time. [ 2 marks ]
(ii)Explain your answer in (a) (i).

(b)Diagram 4.1 shows a part of digestive system and Diagram 4.2 shows a process which occurs before the food enter organ B.
(i) Name the process which occurs. [1 m]

(ii)After the food enters B, state the content of the gastric juice that is secrected to help in the digestion. [2m]

(c) (i) A patient suffering from cancer of the organ B has a small part of it removed in an operation. What suitable advice would his dietician give him regarding his daily diet? [1m]
(ii)Explain your answer. [1m]

(d)(i)Besides the liver, what other organ is connected to the duodenum? [1m ]
(ii) What is produced by the organ you mentioned in (d)(i) to be seccreted into the duodenum? State its function. [2m ]

Suggested answer:

a) i) chronic heart disease/constipation. /obesity

ii) -Her diet contains large amounts of oil/cream/fat and it
causes arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis / heart problem /
cardiovascular disease.

-Lack of fruit/vegetables / fibers leads to constipation.

b) i) peristalsis

ii) pepsin , rennin , HCL, mucus

c) i) The patient should eat more soft or liquid food which
contains less proteins / the patient should avoid a milk based
diet.

ii) Because the stomach less secreting pepsin and rennin which is responsible for the digestion of protein.

d) i) pancreas

ii) pancreatic juice
Function: contains pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase , protease, which involve in the digestion of starch, protein and lipid.

MidYearPaper2~Question 3 ~seseri

Diagram 3.1 shows the gaseous exchange system in an insect and respiratory structure of a unicellular organism such as Amoeba.

(a) i. Name the structures labelled P and R.[2 marks]
ii. What is the function of structure Q? [1 mark]
(b) i. State the substance that forms the ring at structure R. [1 mark]
ii. State the role of the ring. [1 mark]

(c) i. At the end of structure S, there is a type of substance that helps in gaseous exchange.
What is the substance? [ 1 mark ]
ii. Describe how this substance helps in the process of gaseous exchange in cells. [2 m ]
(d) Explain respiration in an unicellar organism such as the Amoeba and what makes
the process highly efficient? [ 4 m ]

Suggested Answer:

(a) (i) P : Spiracle
R : Trachea
(ii) Q controls the opening and closing of the spiracles

(b)(i) Chitin
(ii) To prevent the air tubes from collapsing

(c)(i) Tracheole fluid / fluid
(ii) P1 - Respiratory gases can dissolve in the fluid
P2 - before it diffuses into the body cells

(d) P1 - Concentration of oxygen is higher in the outside
environment compared to inside of cell
P2 - Oxygen diffuses into the cell by diffusion across the
plasma membrane
P3 - Concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the
amoeba compared to the outside environment
P4 - Carbon dioxide diffuses out through the plasma
membrane by diffusion
P5 - Amoeba has a relatively large surface area as compared
to the volume of its body for diffusion of gases
P6 - Its plasma membrane is thin and

P7-constantly moist for rapid diffusion of gases.......................ANY 4 points..

MidYearPaper2~Question 2 ~seseri

(a) i. State the type of skeleton in an earthworm. [1m]
ii.What are the structures found on the ventral side of each segment of the earthworm that help in locomotion? [1 m]
iii.Name the two sets of muscles involved in the movement of an earthworm. [2 m]

(b) Diagram 2.1 shows locomotion in an earthworm

i. What happen to its body when the outer layer of muscles contract? [1 m]
ii. What happen to its body when the inner layer of muscles contract? [1m]
iii.Explain what happen at E. [3 m]

(c)i. State the type of skeleton in an insect. [ 1m]
ii. Explain the role of the long and powerful hind legs of a grasshopper during jumping. [ 2m ]

Suggested Answer:

(a) (i) Hydrostatic skeleton
(ii)Chaetae / bristles
(iii) P1 - Circular muscle
P2 - Longitudinal muscle

(b) i. Becomes longer / extended / segments become longer/ thinner and lengthened
ii. Segments bulge / shorten /thicker
iii. P1 - Circular muscles contract / outer layer contract
P2 - Longitudinal muscles relax / inner layer relax
P3 - Chaetae retracted / secure segment in the anterior to the ground.
P4- the body become thinner and lengthened
P5- its body will be extended forward

(c)i. Exoskeleton
ii. P1 - Flexor muscle in each femur contracts bringing the
tibia closer to the femur, into a Z position;
P2 - then, extensor muscles contract and propels the
grasshopper into the air

MidYearPaper2~Question 1 ~seseri

1. Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 show two different types of transport processes across the plasma membrane.
(a)Name the structure that involve in the process shown in Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 [1 m]
(b)Name each transport processes shown in Diagram 1.1 and 1.2. [2 m]
(c)Name and state the characteristics of the substances that can be transported across the plasma membrane as shown in Diagram 1.2 [2m]
(d)Explain the mechanism transport of substances across the plasma membrane as shown in Diagram 1.1 [3m]
(e)Compare and contrast the transport processes shown in Diagram 1.1 and 1.2. [4m]

Suggested Answer:

a) Carrier protein

b) Diagram: 1.1 Active transport

Diagram: 1.2 Passive transport/Facilitated Diffusion

c) Ions transported: Na+/HCO3+/K+/Ca 2+ / Glucose/Amino Acids
Name (any one of the ions or substances only) :
Characteristics : Bigger //large polar molecules OR

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide - small molecules

d) - The Na+ ion inside the cell attached themselves on the binding
sites of carrier protein

- ATP releasing phosphate and energy which is used to change
shape of the carrier protein

- The carrier protein releasing Na+ outside the cell

e)

Any 1 mark for similarity and any 3 marks for differences.

TIPS: Compare means Similarities and Differences please!!!

Ground Tissue in plants- Sclerenchyma

I have posted about Parenchyma and Aerenchyma in response to one of the students question .. But I dont think it is complete without the notes on an overall types of Ground tissue in plants....So lets have a look at the overall facts about Ground tissue in plants:

The types of ground tissue found in plants develop from ground tissue meristem and consists of three simple tissues:

1. Parenchyma (cells with thin primary walls that retain their protoplasm)
2. Collenchyma (cells with thick primary walls that retain their protoplasm)
3. Sclerenchyma (cells with lignified secondary walls that have lost their protoplasm at maturity, i.e. are 'dead')

...So I' m going to discuss here about Sclerenchyma :

Sclerenchyma is a supporting tissue in plants.

Two groups of sclerenchyma cells exist:

Fibres and Sclereids.

Their walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. Sclerenchyma fibres are of great economical importance, since they constitute the source material for many fabrics (flax, hemp, jute, ramie).
Unlike the collenchyma, mature sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells with extremely thick cell walls (secondary walls) that make up to 90% of the whole cell volume.

The term "sclerenchyma" is derived from the Greek σκληρός ("sklē-rós"), meaning "hard".

It is the hard, thick walls that make sclerenchyma cells important strengthening and supporting elements in plant parts that have ceased elongation.

The difference between fibres and sclereids is not always clear.

(As for your SPM scope, you need not know about it so details )

Fibres usually originate from meristematic tissues.

Cambium and procambium are their main centers of production.

They are usually associated with the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles.

The fibres of the xylem are always lignified, while those of the phloem are cellulosic.

Sclereids are small bundles of sclerenchyma tissue in plants that form durable layers, such as the cores of apples and the gritty texture of pears.

Sclereids are variable in shape.

But compared with most fibres, sclereids are relatively short

TQ Wiki...

Parenchyma Versus Aerenchyma

Parenchyma :

Parenchyma is made up of thin walled living cell. The cell wall is usually unthickened and formed of cellulose. The intercellular spaces may or may not be present.
Parenchyma is present in all the organs of plants. It fills up the spaces between different tissues and thus acts as a ground tissue or matrix.

Some of the modified parenchymatous tissues are follows:

I. chlorenchyma
II. aerenchyma


The parenchymatous tissue performs a variety of functions:

• It forms the epidermis on the outermost surface of the plant organs.
• It acts as a protective layer.
• Sometimes an impermeable layer of cutin called cuticle lines the outer surface of the epidermis. This cuticle checks he rate of transpiration.
• Guard cells of the stomata are means for exchange of respiratory gases in leaves and other organs. These guard cells are epidermal in origin.
• The epidermis and root hairs in roots are not covered by cutin. The root hairs are cylindrical outgrowths from the walls of epidermal cells of roots and increase the water absorbing capacity of roots.

Chlorenchyma :

Chlorenchyma is seen in green leaves and some other green aerial organs.
Its cells contain chloroplasts.
Chlorenchyma is differentiated into :
(a) Palisade (b) Spongy chlorenchyma

(a) Palisade:
In this tissue the cells are columnar.
The columnar cells are arranged at right angles to the upper surface of the leaf.
The intercellular spaces are relatively few.
The cells are somewhat compactly arranged.
The location of palisade in leaf and other flattened aerial, green organs is such as to receive strong, straight sun-rays.

(b) Spongy Chlorenchyma:
Spongy chlorenchyma is located in leaf and other aerial green organs in such a way as to receive mild sun rays.
Cells in spongy chlorenchyma are round or oval, parenchymatous and have large intercellular spaces.

In most leaves, the spongy chlorenchyma lies near the lower epidermis.

The cells of both palisade and spongy chlorenchyma tissues contain chloroplasts and hence perform the function of photosynthesis synthesizing glucose.



Aerenchyma :

Hydrophytes are plants growing in water or water logged habitats. E.g.Trapa, Lotus, Pistia etc. Hydrophytes have aerenchyma as one of the tissues.
Aerenchyma consists of small cells so arranged as to form large air spaces.
Due to air contained the respective plant organs become soft, light and spongy.

As a result the organs can keep themselves floating and obtain sufficient light for photosynthesis in the hydrophytes.

Some of the air spaces show special type of partition walls, which provide them mechanical strength

Extracted : TQ

Paper3~Qs 2

Its about enzyme!

There are many factors that affect the ability of an enzyme to catalyse biochemical reaction. Among the factors are pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate and concentration of enzyme. When the concentration of an enzyme increases, more enzyme molecules are available.

Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to study the effect of salivary amylase concentration on the rate of biochemical reaction.

Terdapat banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kebolehan enzim dalam memangkinkan sesuatu tindakbalas biokimia. Antara faktor-faktor tersebut ialah pH, suhu, kepekatan substrat dan kepekatan enzim. Apabila kepekatan enzim bertambah, maka terdapat lebih banyak molekul enzim.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan enzim amilase air liur terhadap kadar tindakbalas biokimia.

The planning of your experiment should include the following aspects:
Perancangan kerja eksperimen anda perlu meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

Problem statement
Pernyataan masalah

Objective of investigation
Objektif kajian

Hypothesis
Hipotesis

Variables
Pembolehubah

List of apparatus and materials
Senarai alat radas dan bahan

Technique used
Teknik yang digunakan

Experimental procedure or method
Kaedah atau prosedur eksperimen

Presentation of data
Cara data dikomunikasikan

Conclusion
Kesimpulan [17 marks]

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

AIM: To study/ investigate the effect of salivary amylase / enzyme concentration on the rate of (biochemical) reaction

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

What is the effect of salivary amylase / enzyme concentration on the rate of (biochemical) reaction ?

HYPOTHESIS

The higher the salivary amylase / enzyme concentration, the higher the rate of (biochemical) reaction until it reaches a maximum rate

VARIABLES

Manipulated: Salivary amylase / enzyme concentration

Responding:Rate of (biochemical) reaction // time taken for breakdown of starch

Fixed: pH, substrate concentration, temperature

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

Beakers, test tubes, syringe, dropper, glass rod, white tile, thermometer, stopwatch, water bath (wire gauze, bunsen burner, tripod stand), test tube rack, starch solution, iodine solution, salivary amylase/ saliva, distilled water

TECHNIQUE:

Measure and record the time taken for breakdown / hyrolysis of starch// iodine solution to change colour from blue black to brownish yellow using a stopwatch

PROCEDURE:

Able to list down the complete and correct procedure used based on the following criteria
K1 – Technique of assembling the apparatus to carry
out the experiment.
K2 – Technique of fixing the constant variables
K3 – Technique of changing the manipulated
variables
K4 – Technique of measuring the responding
variables
K5 - Technique of taking precautions to increase accuracy

Suggested Answer:

1. Label six test tubes as A, B, C, D, E and F. (K3)
2. Fill each test tube with solutions as shown in the table below. (K1, K3)

Test tube Volume of saliva (ml) Volume of distilled water (ml)

A 0.5 2.5

B 1.0 2.0

C 1.5 1.5

D 2.0 1.0

E 2.5 0.5

F 3.0 0.0

3. Drop a few drops of iodine separately on a white tile. (K1)
4. Pour 4 ml of starch solution into test tube A. (K2)
5. Start the stopwatch immediately. Use a dropper to withdraw a small amount of the mixture and add it to a drop of iodine on the white tile immediately. (K1, K5)
6.Observe the colour change in iodine. (K4)
7.Carry out the iodine test at an interval of 30 seconds until the blue-black colour no longer appears and the iodine solution remains brownish yellow. (K1, K2)

8. Record the time taken for the complete hydrolysis of starch. (K4)
9. If blue black colour is still produced after eight minutes, terminate the experiment with the reaction mixture. (K5)
10. Repeat steps 4 to 8 for test tubes B,C, D, E and F. (K1, K3)

11. Record all your observations. (K4)

12.Plot a graph of rate of reaction [1/time] against enzyme concentration. (K1)

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

The higher the salivary amylase / enzyme concentration, the higher the rate of (biochemical) reaction until it reaches a maximum rate. Hypothesis is accepted

Paper3~Qs 2

Question 2

When a boy drinks too much water, the osmotic pressure of blood will fall below normal level. Under such condition, the hypothalamus will not be stimulated and less antideuratic hormone (ADH) will be produced. Less water will be reabsorbed and most of the water is allowed to pass out through urine.
Design a laboratory experiment to determine the urine volume released by a student who drinks different volume of mineral water.

The planning of your experimental must include the following aspects:

· Problem statement
· Aim of investigation
· Hypothesis
· Variables
· List of apparatus and materials
· Technique used
· Experimental procedures or methods
· Presentation of data
· Conclusion
[17 marks]

SAMPLE ANSWER:

Aim : To study the effect of drinking different volumes of water on urine output
Problem statement: What is the effect of water intake on urine output?
Hypothesis : If more water is taken, more urine will be released

Variables :
Manipulated variable: Volume of water
Responding variable: Volume of urine released
Constant variable: Same student/ same environment

Apparatus and Materials: Beakers, cup/mug, measuring cylinder, stop watch ,Drinking water
Specimen : Boy/ girl/ a student

Technique : Measuring and recording the volume of urine released by using a measuring cylinder

Procedure:

1. A student i(Sample A) is chosen and instructed to empty his bladders before the start of the experiment
2. Measure 200ml of water and put it into the mug
3 A student(Sample A) is given 200ml of mineral/drinking water to drink
4 A stop watch is started immediately after consuming the water.
5 During the experiment, he is kept in (any fixed suitable room) within* 1-2 hours(any suitable time range)
6 He is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous physical activities (within the given time)
7 After half an hour, he is asked to empty his bladder.
8 The collected urine is kept in a large beaker
9 At the interval of half an hour, until two hours , a student will empty his bladder.
10 After two hours, the total collected urine is measured using measuring cylinder
11 Repeat step 2 – 9 for different amount of drinking water ( 400 ml, 600ml, 800ml, 1000ml)
* Accept four readings and more
12 Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time and place
13 Dispose the measured urine properly
14 Measure and record data collected into a table/
Plot a graph of urine output against the water intake is plotted.
Results:

Conclusion:
If more water is taken, more urine will be released. Hypothesis is accepted.

Comparing Light and Dark Reaction

This Table might help you to compare Light reaction and Dark Reaction in a proper words~ Simple, direct and correct..

Bio Talk @SEMASHUR

It was on one beautiful sunday when Liza fetched me to Semashur...to deliver Bio talk to her form 5 students. It was not the first time for me..it was the third time (if I could recall) .. that I ve been there~ doing the same task~Sharing the answering techniques of Biology and giving tips for their upcoming SPM examination~

..It started at about 8.30 am and ended at about 12.30 noon..The talk revolved around Paper 2 and Paper 3 ~as how to go about it: the command words used in the questions, and the marks allocated would indicate the length of essays to be written..

...I would give an A for the boys and girls~for being attentive and responsive truout the Talk..(except for less then 5 whom I could locate..once awhile dozz off )..

Anyway, the give away 'Vochelle chocolate' to those who manage to answer my questions did open up their eyes.....Luckily the nite before it came across my mind to prepare for that...

..For Teachers:Liza and Mardiana: they seriously want their students to score A in Biology SPM and I really hope the students will meet up to their teachers expectation...

I hope my Talk has increased their interest and their skills in the technique of answering for both Biology Papers in SPM 2010...Go Go Chaiyok...SEMASHURIANS....Alwiz pray for all of you..

My 2007 and 2008 stuff

These were published in 2007- Blog A Biology SPM Form 5
...and 2008 Web A Biology SPM Form 5.


You no longer can find these on shelves...

My latest 2010

Catch up with my latest

Support in Aquatic Plants

Submerged plants Eg. Hydrilla or Elodea sp

Fact : Thin, narrow, flexible leaves .

Explanation : provides little resistance to water flow.

• Fact: Air sacs/ air spaces inside leaves and stems .
• Explanation : which keep the plants afloat close to the surface to obtain maximum sunlight
  
• Fact : their stems have no woody tissue.
• Explanation: Water buoyancy provides support for these plants .//If the plants are removed from water, they become limp and floppy.

Hydrilla sp

Elodea sp

Floating plants Eg. Eichornia crassipes (water hyacinth)

Fact: Broad leaves that are firm but flexible
Explanation: to resist tearing by wave action

Fact:Aerenchyma tissues in the stems and leaves //Aerenchyma are spongy tissues with large air spaces between the cells.

Explanation:They provide buoyancy so that plants can float on the water surface

Aerenchyma cells

Muscle Cramp

What do you require to know about Muscle Cramp?

WHAT?
It is not a disease...
A muscle cramp is an involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax.

( When we use the muscles that can be controlled voluntarily, such as those of our arms and legs, they alternately contract and relax as we move our limbs. Muscles that support our head, neck, and trunk contract similarly in a synchronized fashion to maintain our posture.)

A muscle (or even a few fibers of a muscle) that involuntarily (without consciously willing it) contracts is in a "spasm." If the spasm is forceful and sustained, it becomes a cramp. Muscle cramps cause a visible or palpable hardening of the involved muscle.

Muscle cramps can last anywhere from a few seconds to a quarter of an hour or occasionally longer.

It is not uncommon for a cramp to recur multiple times until it finally goes away.

The cramp may involve a part of a muscle, the entire muscle, or several muscles that usually act together, such as those that flex adjacent fingers.

WHO ?

Cramps are extremely common.

Almost everyone (one estimate is about 95%) experiences a cramp at some time in their life. Cramps are common in adults and become increasingly frequent with aging.

However, children also experience cramps.
Any of the muscles that are under our voluntary control (skeletal muscles) can cramp.

Cramps of the extremities, especially the legs and feet, and most particularly the calf (the classic "charley horse"), are very common.

Involuntary muscles of the various organs (uterus, blood vessel wall, intestinal tract, bile and urine passages, bronchial tree, etc.) are also subject to cramps.

WHY?....and.... WHEN ?

Vigorous activity: True cramps are commonly associated with the vigorous use of muscles and muscle fatigue (in sports or with unaccustomed activities).

Such cramps may come during the activity or later, sometimes many hours later.

Likewise, muscle fatigue from sitting or lying for an extended period in an awkward position or any repetitive use can cause cramps.

Older adults are at risk for cramps when performing vigorous or strenuous physical activities.

Rest cramps: Cramps at rest are very common, especially in older adults, but may be experienced at any age, including childhood. Rest cramps often occur during the night. While not life-threatening, night cramps (commonly known as nocturnal cramps) can be painful, disruptive of sleep, and they can recur frequently (that is, many times a night, and/or many nights each week).

The actual cause of night cramps is unknown. Sometimes, such cramps are initiated by making a movement that shortens the muscle. An example is pointing the toe down while lying in bed, which shortens the calf muscle, a common site of cramps.

Dehydration: Sports and other vigorous activities can cause excessive fluid loss from perspiration. This kind of dehydration increases the likelihood of true cramps. These cramps are more likely to occur in warm weather and can be an early sign of heat stroke.

Chronic volume depletion of body fluids from diuretics (medicine that promote urination) and poor fluid intake may act similarly to predispose to cramps in seniors.

HOW?

How can muscle cramps be prevented?
Activity: Authorities recommend stretching before and after exercise or sports, along with an adequate warm-up and cooldown, to prevent cramps that are caused by vigorous physical activity.

Good hydration before, during, and after the activity is important, especially if the duration exceeds one hour, and replacement of lost electrolytes (especially sodium and potassium, which are major components of perspiration) can also be helpful.

Excessive fatigue, especially in warm weather, should be avoided.

Rest cramps: Night cramps and other rest cramps can often be prevented by regular stretching exercises, particularly if done before going to bed.

Even the simple calf-stretching maneuver (described in the first paragraph of the section on treatment), if held for 10 to 15 seconds and repeated two or three times just before going to bed, can be a great help in preventing cramps.

Another important aspect of prevention of night cramps is adequate calcium and magnesium. . Calcium intake of at least 1 gram daily is reasonable, and 1.5 grams may be appropriate, particularly for women with osteoporosis.

An extra dose of calcium at bedtime may help prevent cramps.

DETAILS ABOUT MUSCLE CRAMP? PLS VISIT THE LINK:

http://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm

Locomotion in Grasshopper

Some of the explanation for grasshopper is also applicable for frogs

Grasshopper have an exoskeleton

Muscles are attached to the inside of the exoskeleton, across the joints

They exist in antagonistic pairs known as flexor and extensor muscles
(Grasshoppers have three pairs of legs)

During walking movements:

body is supported on a tripod of three legs //the other three legs pull or push the body forward

The rear legs are bigger and longer, (adapted for jumping)

The extensor muscles attached to tendons

During a jump, the flexor muscles relaxed, extensor muscles contracts suddenly

Causing the rear legs to straighten

Energy stored in tendon propels the grasshopper into the air.

During flight, the wings moved forwards and backwards // upwards and downwards through the air

Owing to the contractions of the flight muscles

Which produces a lift ( by driving the air downwards which in turn )enables the grasshopper to( lift off and) fly.

Locomotion in Earthworm

LOCOMOTION IN AN EARTHWORM-SPM 2005 ( 5 marks)
-An invertebrate which has a hydrostatic skeleton.
-Body wall has longitudinal and circular muscles
-These muscles act antagonistically to cause movement
-Contractions of circular muscles cause the segments to extend while longitudinal muscles relax //Conversely the contractions of the longitudinal muscles cause segments to shorten.
-Locomotion takes place when the chaetae secure shortened segments in the posterior to the ground while //The anterior segments extend owing to contractions of the circular muscles.
-Fluid in the body cavity helps the earthworm to move.