Types of Vertebrae

Some of the pics below are very useful for you to identify the characteristics of each vertebrae.

As for your SPM, you should be able to not just Identify them BUT at least be able to label some important parts and their functions!!


...and take note that each of the vertebrae has its own special characteristic AND you must give reason for that characteristic!!

Thoracic

Lumbar

Cervical

Lumbar

..All pics are extracted and meant for education purposes..TQ.

Understanding Support

Understanding support and locomotion in humans and animals

1. The ability of animals to move from place to place is termed as locomotion.
2. Locomotion in higher animals is a result of interaction between the skeleton and the muscles.
3. Muscles can contract and relax
4. Muscles attached to the bones contract to pull the bones of the skeletons which are arranged in a system of levers. This produces movement.
5. The muscles involved are skeletal muscles.
6. There are three types of skeletons:
i. Hydrostatic skeleton (fluid)
ii. Exoskeleton (external)
iii. Endoskeleton (internal)

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN SKELETON
1. The human skeleton consists of many bones joined together.
2. The place where the bones are joined together is known as joint
3. The parts of the skeleton that form an imaginary line down the back of the body are known as the axial skeleton.
4. The limbs and the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton make up the appendicular skeleton.
5. Observe and identify the arrangement of the vertebrae in the column...

Get my Latest!

..May be you need a reference book..I am not actually promoting it here...but just to let all of you know that these two are my stuff ~2009 and 2010~bearing nick name : nadiah syukur... Another 2 will be released soon....

..Some of the materials in the books are posted here...FOC...So why not fully utilise my blog!
Happy Revising for your SPM 2010... Score A+ fo Biology~ All Malaysian students!!


My latest.... 2010 edition..

Students Task~Transport

Some of the students Tasks:
##You may click on the image if u wanna enlarge it!

Gempur Paper 3 Set 1~SPM2009

ANSWER for Question 1 and 2- SET 1 GEMPUR PAPER 3~SPM 2009

QUESTION 1

1.(a)

(b)(i) . At a distance of 10 cm from the bulb, the length of gas bubble is 5 cm

2. At a distance of 50 cm from the bulb, the length of gas bubble is 1 cm

(ii)1. At low light intensity, Less gas is produced showing the low rate of photosynthesis.

2. At high light intensity, more gas is produced showing the high rate of photosynthesis.

(c)

(d)As the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases.// As the distance of the plant from the bulb increases, the length of the air bubble increases

(e)(i)

(ii)

(f)As the distance increases, the rate of photosynthesis decreases, because the light intensity decreases and less gas is produced.

(g)Photosynthesis is the process that takes place in an aquatic plant. It requires light from the bulb and sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and produces gas bubbles.

(h)The length of gas bubbles increases more than 3 cm because the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution increases, more oxygen is produced.

(i)
QUESTION 2

Aim:To study the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction

Problem Statement:What are the effects of temperature on salivary amylase activity on starch?

Hypothesis: When the temperature increases, the rate of enzyme reaction increases.

Variables:

Manipulated : temperature of the reaction
Responding: the rate of enzyme reaction // the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch

Constant : volume of enzyme// concentration of enzyme

Apparatus &Materials: Beakers, test tube, thermometer,syringe, stopwatch, Bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, glass rod,starch, saliva, water bath, ice cubes, Iodine solution

Technique:Using stop watch to record the time taken for the complete hydrolysis of starch

Procedure:

1.Use a syringe to put 1 ml of 0.1% starch suspension into each of the test tubes : A1 and B1
2.Use another syringe to put 2 ml of saliva into each of the test tubes labelled A 2 and ,B2
3.Immerse test tubes A1 and A2 into water bath of cold water (10 0C C)
4.After 5 minutes of immersion, pour the starch suspension from test tube A1 into test tube A2. 5.Stir the mixture using a glass rod
6.Starts the stop watch.
7.Use a dropper to put a drop of mixture from test tube A2 onto the iodine solution in the first groove of the white tile
8.Repeat the iodine test for every minute for 10 minutes
9.Rinse the dropper after each sampling
10.Record the time taken for the hydolysis of starch
11.Keep the test tubes with the mixture in their respective water bath throughout the experiment
12.Repeat the experiment with warm water (37 0C)
13.Repeat experiment to get average reading

14.Record the result in a Table

Result:

Conclusion: When the temperature increases, the rate of amylase reaction increases.

Reflection 1~Transport

Reflection 1- SESERI 2010


(a part of SPM Qs 2008)
1. (a)(i )Explain how platelets help to stop bleeding when wound occurs [ 4 marks]
(ii) A blood test shows that a man’s erythrocytes count is below normal. Explain the possible consequences of this condition on his health.
What type of food should he include in his diet to improve his condition? [8 marks]

(b)Diagram shows the blood circulatory system in organism S and organism T.
Based on Diagram:
i. Give one example of organism S and organism T [2 marks]
ii. Describe the similarities and differences between the blood circulatory system in organism S and organism T. [6 marks]





Suggested Answer:


1 (a) (i)Platelets clump together and produce thrombokinase
Platlet bergumpal dan menghasilkan trombokinase

Thrombokinase converts prothrombin to thrombin
Trombokinase menukarkan protrombin kepada trombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen (a soluble protein plasma ) to fibrin (vitamin K is needed in the formation of prothrombin)
Trombin menukarkan fibrinogen (protein plasma terlarut )kepada fibrin (vitamin K diperlukan dalam pembentukan protrombin )

Fibrin forms a network to traps the erythrocytes to form a clot
Fibrin membentuk jaringan untuk memerangkap eritrosit untuk membentuk darah beku

(ii) Less red blood cells to combine with oxygen
Kurang sel darah merah bergabung dengan oksigen

Less oxygen transported to body cells .Less energy is produced
Kurang oksigen di angkut ke sel-sel.Kurang tenaga dihasilkan

Resulting in tiredness ,Pale looking appearance and Anaemia
Menyebabkan keletihan, Kelihatan pucat dan anemia

Need Food rich in iron
Perlu Makanan yang kaya dengan zat besi

Examples : cockles ,liver , spinach
Contoh : Kerang ,hati ,bayam



(b)(i) S :
Fish
Ikan

T :
Human being
Manusia

(ii)
Similarities
Persamaan

Both have a closed circulation
kedua-duanya mempunyai peredaran tertutup

Blood flows in blood vessels
Darah mengalir dalam salur darah


The differences
Perbezaan:



...Girls..please check and do correction!