FAQ-Chapter 10-Transport

Go Go Go - Paper 2:

1. Erythrocytes ~ Adaptations and explanation .[6 marks]

2. Function of blood in transport, focusing more on how oxygen and carbon dioxide is transported. [ 8 marks ]

3. Differences between arteries and veins in both STRUCTURE and FUNCTION.

4. The human heart- the chambers, the main blood vessels and the double circulatory system.

5.The body defence mechanism- the first, second and third line.

6. The third line defence which involve the production of antibodies by LYMPHOCYTES and relate it with lymphatic system.

7.Interpreting graphs of Natural active immunity, artificial active immunity and artificial passive immunity.

8. Transpiration: factors affecting such as temperature, light intensity, and air movement. The FACTS and EXPLANATION... (PAPER 3 too )

Sample Qs-Dynamic Ecosystem

Some bacteria and other microorganisms are harmful to human beings as they cause diseases. EXPLAIN HOW diseases are transmitted and SUGGEST ways to control the spread of diseases. [10 marks]

Tips:

1. Command words : EXPLAIN HOW and SUGGEST

2.Total Marks 10

3. It is 6 + 4

Suggested Answer:

Disease such as cholera can be transmitted through contaminated food and water. Microorganisms such as bacteria or virus will attached to the dirty hands of the infected person when they touch the food.

Disease such as AIDS can be transmitted by direct contact with an infected person. This is through sexual contact with infected person. Disease like ringworm can be infected by using personal things of infected person. [ 2 marks allocated from this paragraph]

Vectors such as flies and cochroaches can transmit microorganism/pathogen from faeces or contaminated food while mosquito inject the infected person when it bites the body of another person and it pass the microorganisms [ 2 marks allocated from this para ]

Airborne diseases like TB is transmitted via liquid droplets which contains pathogen and enter to the other persons body via respiratory system. The liquid droplets produced when a person sneezes, cough or spit. [ 2 marks allocated from this para ]

In order to control the spread of diseases: the use of antibiotics may kill and inhibit the growth of the pathogen.

The use of vaccine to stimulate the body to produce antibody to built up the body immune system.

The use of antiseptics on wounds or cuts can kill or inhibit growth of microorganism and the use of disinfectant can inhibit the growth of microorganisms on floors, furnitures and rooms.

[ 4 marks allocated for suggestions ]

FAQ-Chapter 8 : Dynamic Ecosystem

Well..if you noticed and have gone through all my previous postings (which are related to this chapter) , there are some questions and answers which were already provided for you to pay extra attention.

As for paper 2, commonly asked include:

1. Interaction between organism.

To EXPLAIN HOW, or EXPLAIN WHY means include FACTS + EXPLANATION

2. Succession in Mangrove swamp.

3. Explain the problems and the adaptive structures of EACH mangrove plant species.

4. Quadrat sampling TECHNIQUE.

5. Capture, mark, release, recapture TECHNIQUE.

6. Paper 3: The effect of different **light intensity on the population growth of ***LEMNA species.

** Light intensities is the abiotic factors. It can be **pH, Temperature, nutrients too !!

What is ***Lemna? Please check my posting about it in the same Chapter/Label.

7. What is the importance of biodiversity?

8. You must know very well about YEAST, the microorganism which is often used in LAB experiments.. It appears in this chapter, apart from Chapter Respiration !

9.Harmful microorganisms~ focusing on diseases which are transmitted via:

*food/water

*direct contact

*vectors

*air

Diseases required to know: Malaria, Dengue fever, cholera, AIDS, food poisoning, SARS, Hepatitis.

10. What is Antibiotics, vaccines, antiseptics and disinfectant!

11. Uses of microorganisms in biotech:

*production of antibiotic and vaccines . [ 3m]

*waste treatment. [4m]

*food processing.[4m]

*production of bioplastic.[3m]

*production of energy from biomass.[3m]

FAQ-Chapter 7:Respiration

What you should focus on this chapter for paper 2:

1. Anaerobic respiration in

* yeast

* human muscles

2. The respiratory structures of

*fish

*insect

*man

- The adaptation of structures: Facts + Explanation

3. EXPLAIN gaseous exchange across the respiratory surfaces:

* between the surface of the alveolus and the blood capillaries

*between the blood capillaries and the body cells [10 m]

4. EXPLAIN the transport of gases in human. [ 6 marks ]

5. DESCRIBE the human respiratory response and the rate of respiration in the following situations:

* Vigorous exercise / activity

*In fear (Relate with adrenaline hormone !)

*At high altitude [ 3+3+3 m]

REMINDER:

Please take note of the DIAGRAMS given in the question. Use all the information given to support your writing. The length of your essay is very much depending on the MARKS allocated. Write MORE if the marks are MORE.

All the best !

Essay Question: Facts + Explanation

Ways to sustain life

1. Using technology

- Uses bacteria to decompose layer of oil-covered surface of oceans

- Produces biogases by using agricultural organic waste as fuel

- Uses unleaded petrol, natural gas and alcohol to reduce pollutants

- Installs filters and builds high chimneys to reduce the pollutants released into the atmosphere

- Installs catalytic converters in exhaust of vehicles

- Recycle the wastes

2. Using Renewable energy

- Uses solar energy and electric energy to transport vehicles

- Uses geothermal energy, tidal energy and hydro energy

3. Biological Control

- Control population of pests by introducing its natural enemies

- Avoids using pesticides

4. Conservation and restoration of soil, water, forest and swamp land.

- Soil is conserved and restored to control water run-off and landslides

- Water resources are conserved to minimize pollution

- Regenerates replacement forests after deforestation

- Fauna and flora are conserved to enhance stability of ecology

5. Education

- Educates society to concern about environment

- Increases environmental knowledge of individuals and societies to environmental problems.

-Campaigns

6. Legislation and Enforcement of Law

- Environmental Quality Act

- National Forestation Act

- Factory and Machinery Act

- Pesticide Act

7. Preservation of resources

- Reduces use of pesticides

- Prepares suitable habitat for breeding

- Reduces deforestation

- Prohibit hunting activities

Essay Question: Facts+Explanation

EFFECTS OF UNORGANISED DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE ECOSYSTEM

1. Soil Erosion

-Soil surface which is covered with organic compounds and tiny particles are blown

away by wind and flow together with rainwater.

2. Deforestation

- Increases atmospheric carbon dioxide level

- Effects on climate

- soil gets infertile and undergoes erosion

- Extinction of organisms

3. Landslide

- Loose land and movement of soil at steep hills causes mud and land to slide

4. Flash Flood

- Soil erosion causes sedimentation of soil in rivers

- Rivers become shallow.

- So, water will overflow riverside during heavy rain

- poor water flow in blocked drains and roads

5. Thinning of ozone layer

- Increase in exposure to ultraviolet ray causes increase in global temperature

- Melting of ice in the poles will happen

- and thus causing sea level to rise.

6. Eutrophication

- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for aquatic organism increases

- Death of aquatic organisms due to oxygen depletion as the result of excess use of oxygen by bacteria for decomposition

7. Global warming

- Global temperature increases as a result of excess quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

- Heat reflected from surface of the earth is trapped by this gas.

Abiotic Components in Environment

Abiotic Components :

a) Topography

§ Physical features of the land which concern the altitude, gradient & aspect of a region

§ Influences the humidity, temperature & light intensity of an ecosystem

§ Determines the distribution & growth of organisms

**Experiment to investigate effect of aspect on the distribution and growth of Pleurococcus!!!!

b) pH value

§ Effect on the distribution of organisms (in the habitat)

§ Majority of organisms survive well in neutral environment

**Experiment to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of yeast OR Lemna !!

c) Light intensity

§ Affects the distribution & growth of plants & animals

§ Source of energy for photosynthesis

§ Vary intensities of sunlight – different type of plants

**Experiment to investigate the effect of light intensity on the distribution and growth of Pleurococcus.

d) Temperature

§ Affects the physiological activities of plants & animals

§ Most organisms survive within the temperature range of 0°C & 45°C

§ Drop of temperature – decreases of metabolic activity in living organisms

§ Higher than 45°C , enzymes will denatured

e) Humidity

§ Amount of water vapour present in the air

§ Humidity low – water evaporates from the moist surfaces at the faster rate

f) Microclimate

§ Climate in the microhabitat

§ Includes the humidity, temperature, light intensity & atmospheric conditions

§ Affects the population & distribution of organisms

Competition

Competition

§ Interaction between two organisms or two populations to obtain the common basic needs of life that are limited (strong organisms will survive , weak organisms will migrate or die)

§ Common basic needs: water, sunlight, space, minerals, foods, mates for plants & animals

§ Intraspecific competition: competition that occurs between members of the same species of plants & animals to obtain common basic needs

§ Interspecific competition: competition that occurs between members of the different species of plants & animals to obtain common basic needs

TAKE NOTE:

1.You should be able to interpret the graphs of competition by giving FACTS and EXPLANATION/ REASONS.

2. Take note of the given organisms involve in the competition . Eg: If it is between maize and paddy plant: it is an interspecific competition. If it is between maize and maize, it is an intraspecific competition.

Revise Chapter.

Chapter 14: Inheritance


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Chapter 4 : Chemical Composition


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Chapter 14 : Inheritance (Human Genome)

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Chapter 10 : Transport

sample Qs- Homeostasis

7. (a) What is meant by:

(i) internal environment?

(ii) homeostasis? [ 4 m]

(b)Diagram 7.1 and 7.2 shows two different environmental condition.

Describe the regulatory mechanisms carried out to maintain the body temperature at 36.7⁰C in both the conditions above. [ 8 + 8 marks]

Suggested Answer:

(a)(i)

P1: (Physical and chemical) condition within our body

P2: Extra cellular fluid that surrounds our body cells

P3: Examples are body temperature, blood glucose level, pH,

blood osmotic potential and blood pressure.

P1 & any other P

(ii)

P4: A process of maintaining internal environment / physical

and chemical conditions in our body at a constant value.

P5: through corrective mechanism based on negative or

positive feedback

P6: which reverts the internal environment back to normal

condition if there is a change. P4 & any other P

(b)

Hot condition

F1: Erector muscle relax so that hair is lowered.

P1: A thin layer of air is trapped by the hair.

P2: Heat can be lost easily.

F2: Blood capillaries in the dermis of the skin dilate //

vasodilation

P3: More blood flows near the surface of the skin.

F3: Sweat glands secrete sweat actively.

P4: When sweat evaporates, it absorbs heat from the skin.

F4: Less thyroxine and adrenaline are produced.

P5: Body’s metabolic rate decreases // Less heat is generated

within the body.

4F & corresponding P

Cold condition

F1: Erector muscle contracts so that hair is raised.

P1: A thick layer of air is trapped by the hair.

P2: The layer of air acts as an insulator to prevent loss of heat

from the body.

F2: blood capillaries in the dermis of the skin constrict //

vasoconstriction.

P2: Less blood flows near the surface of the skin.

F3: Skeletal muscles contract involuntarily // shivering

P3 Generates heat to raise the body temperature.

F4: More thyroxine and adrenaline are secreted

P4: Body’s metabolic rate increases // more heat is generated

4F & corresponding P

Sample Qs- Development of zygote

Diagram shows the development of an ovum after fertilization in the female reproductive system. Describe the development in detail. [ 8 marks ]

Suggested Answer:

P1: A fertilized ovum is known as a zygote

P2: Zygote divides repeatedly by mitosis

P3: A solid ball of cells / morula is formed.

P4: Morula develops into blastula / blastocyst

P5: It is a hollow ball of cells.

P6: Blastocyst forms inner mass cells and trophoblast.

P7 : Blastocyst implants at the endometrium / uterus

P8 : Inner mass cells / zygote develops into embryo

P9 : Trophoblast will form villi of plasenta

Mitosis Versus Meiosis

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Meiosis and Variation

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