Spinal cord- part of CNS

THE SPINAL CORD

• The spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body.

• Vertebrates have their spinal cords encased in a series of (usually) bony vertebrae that comprise the vertebral column.

• The gray matter of the spinal cord consists mostly of cell bodies and dendrites.

• The surrounding white matter is made up of bundles of interneuronal axons (tracts).

• Some tracts are ascending (carrying messages to the brain), others are descending (carrying messages from the brain).

• The spinal cord involved in reflexes that do not immediately involve the brain.

Take note of the Diagram..You are required to label the Spinal cord Diagram in the exam!

Brain- part of CNS

Take note of the followings:

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CNS) is composed of

• the brain and

• spinal cord.

The CNS is surrounded by bone-skull and vertebrae. Fluid and tissue also insulate the brain and spinal cord.

BRAIN composed of three parts:

i.the Cerebrum

ii. the Cerebellum, and

iii.the medulla oblongata

CEREBRUM

The largest and the most complex part of the brain.

Governs intelligence and reasoning, learning and memory.

Interprets impulse from the receptors.

Control the movement of skeletal muscles in voluntary activities.

CEREBELLUM

• is the second largest part of the brain, after the cerebrum.

• It functions for muscle coordination and maintains normal muscle tone and posture.

• The cerebellum coordinates balance.

HYPOTHALAMUS

• Located below thalamus.

• regulates homeostasis.

• Major coordinating centre for regulating thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, sugar level and blood pressure,

• links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system.

THALAMUS

• serves as a central relay point for incoming nervous messages.

• Receive impulse from all sensory receptors.

• Sorting the incoming and outgoing information in central cortex.

• Integrates the information from the sensory receptors to cerebrum.

Brainstem

• Connect the brain and spinal cord.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

• closest to the spinal cord,

• involved with the regulation of heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure),

• and reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, blinking and hiccuping

Brainstorming and Presentation

Ask them to brainstorm certain issues especially enviromental issues from the last chapter in form 4 : Endangered Ecosystem...and ask them to present...They are happy to do that. Not all the time, but teachers can use this method once a while.....again.. to vary the approach of teaching and learning..Why not give a try?This was done in the evening for their tutorial class~ using Mahjong paper to pour our ideas...
5-6 in a group. Each of them must write on the paper!

Listening to their friends presentation


Proudly showing off their 'job done '..

Learning Bio Via Teaching Course Ware

To learn about how earthworm , fish, birds, grasshopper move ~ or to be exact, the mechanism of its locomotion~ definitely it is tough to explain without teaching aids. And I will vote for CD Rom/ teaching courseware provided by Ministry of Education. And for that particular Bio lesson, all of them are viewing the video animation of the movement of all the mentioned organisms.

Mia, Pavi, Amani and Alia seemed to put all their hearts into the show!
Focusing on all the animations...

Another method of learning to break the monotonous...

Holiday Task F5

Its from Farah Afzal binti Mazlan of 5 Gastisia

Sent to me on the 17th March 2011 Via gmail.

How bones, skeletal muscles,tendons and joints bring out movement in the arms or leg ?

Skeletal muscles exist in pairs and are attached to humerus and ulna and radius in the hand across ligaments through the tendons. Tendons are tough, strong and inelastic. They join the skeletal muscles to the bones together at joints. Ligaments held the bones together at joints. They are flexible, strong and elastic. The movement of forelimb is brought by the contraction and relaxation of a pair of antagonistic muscles, biceps and triceps. The arm is flexed by the contraction of biceps and relaxation of triceps muscles. Contraction of biceps pulls the ulna up thus bending the arm. To straighten the arm, the triceps muscles contract while biceps muscles relax. Contraction of triceps muscles pulls the ulna down and arm is straightened.

Note: Sentences in red are the key sentences.

My Comment : Your essay is good. You scored 9/10. The essay is lacking in sentences for bones !

Question 4 SPM Paper 2 2010

The suggested answer for this Question might help you ..Nur..Please refer to Paper2 SPM2010

4(a)	X-primary structure Y-Secondary structure
(b)	The linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain./ Jujukan linear asid amino dalam rantai polipeptida.
(c)	Protein X is broken down by an enzyme/ polypeptidase in a process of hydrolysis to form dipeptide. Protein X dihidrolisiskan oleh enzim /polipeptidase membentuk dipeptida.
(d)	Because it contains all 8 essential amino acids needed by humans. Sebab ia mengandungi 8 asid amino perlu yang diperlukan oleh manusia.
(e)(i)	Silk is a protein fiber. High temperature will reduce the strength of hydrogen bonds, so this will distrupt the structure , thus denature proteins. Sutera adalah fiber protein. Suhu yang tinggi akan mengurangkan kekuatan ikatan hydrogen, ini akan mengganggu struktur protein lalu menyebabkan denaturasi.
(ii)	Wash it in a cold water./ Basuh dalam air sejuk Do not wring.. Do not expose to direct sunlight./ elak dedah terus kepada cahaya matahari Never use chlorine bleach on silk. / jangan menggunakan bahan peluntur klorin

Holiday Task F4

Enzymes have been used in the production of food and drinks for centuries.

Products such as vinegar and cheese are produced from yeast and bacteria enzymes. Advances in the biological technologies have allowed scientists to extract these enzymes from their natural sources.

Enzymes are also used in place of harmful chemicals in the process of tanning raw animal hides. Enzymes are used to clean the hide and to remove its fur and fat. They also help to stabilize and preserve the final leather product. As an environmentally friendly alternative to standard hydrocarbon plastics, enzymatic technology has been used to develop biodegradable plastics. Producing biodegradable plastics is a very expensive process that utilizes polymers from plants such as corn and wheat, as well as from bacteria, where enzymes later work to break down these plastics once exposed to the environment.

By Nurul Safuhah Suhaidi of 4 Gastisia.

Holiday Task F5

( NURADILA AHIRAH BINTI LOKMAN – 5 GASTISIA)-

The answer was sent to me Via gmail on the 15th March 2011.

Qs: Explain how the bones, skeletal muscles, tendons and joints bring out movement in the arm or leg.

The skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscles fibres. These muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton to effect movement. The skeletal muscles are not attached directly to the bones. They are attached to at least two bones across joints through the tendons. The bones of the skeleton to which the muscles are attached operate as levers. Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting the force to pull on the tendons which are attached to bones. All skeletal muscles act as antagonistic pairs. The movement of forelimb is brought about by the contraction and relaxation of a pair of antagonistic muscles, which is called the biceps and triceps. Tendons are tough, strong and inelastic strands of dense connective tissues made up of fibres. Tendons join skeletal muscles to the bone. Ligaments are connective tissues which are flexible, strong and elastic. This allows two bones to be held together and permits limited movement but at the same time, ensures that bones do not become dislocated. Since muscles can only contract, at least two muscles must be used to move a bone in a position and back again. Movements of the body are brought about by the contraction of pairs of antagonistic muscles. Energy for this contraction comes from ATP produced by the mitochondria in the muscles. Muscles which contract when receiving impulses from the brain are voluntary muscles.

Note: Sentences in RED are the keywords…

My comment: Your answer has covered points on bones, skeletal muscles, tendon and joints. Maximum mark is 10..So you scored 10/10 Congratulation J

Holiday Task F5

Task 2: Explain how the bones, skeletal muscles , tendons and joints bring out movement in the arm or leg

Pectoral girdle produces a connection between the axial skeleton the forelimbs which composed of 2 distinct halve that is scapula and clavicle that is the arm while the leg is axial skeleton and the hind limb. The skeletal muscle are attached to the bones of the skeleton to effect movement. The skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting the force to pull on the tendons which are attached to bone. In movable joint, the bones forming the joint are surrounded by a fibrous capsule.Within the capsule is a membrane which secretes synovial fluid. Synovial fluid function as lubricating the joint,reducing friction when bones move and to nourish the cartilage found on the end surfaces of the bone while cartilage works as a shock absorber preventing the bones from damages when a person moves.

From Mia Via gmail on 15^th March 2011

**The sentences in RED are entitled for marks..

My comment : the answer is still lacking in points about bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints. Your score is 5/10

Holiday Task F5

TO: PUAN MAHADIAH MUDA via gmail: date: 14 March 2011

TASK 2:

Explain how the bones, skeletal muscles,tendons and joints bring out movement in the arm or leg.

We can make an example which is the hinge joint between the humerus and radius-ulna acts as a fulcrum and the object is the load that needs to be lifted. The effort is provided by the biceps which contract to produce the force needed to lift the object. Joints are places where two bones meet and ligaments hold the two bones together.The bones of the skeleton are hard and act like levers. When muscles pull on these levers, they produce movements. In order for the arm to be upwards, the biceps needs to contract while the triceps relaxes. It is the contraction of muscles that produces the movement of the arm. This pair of muscles, called antagonistic muscles,vwork together to coordinate the movements at the skeletal joints. This means that when one muscle contracts (shortens),the other relaxes and stretches. One muscle pulls the bone in one direction while the other pulls it in the opposite direction. Hence, when the biceps contracts, the tendon transmits the pulling force produced by the contraction to the forearm. At the same time, the tricep relaxes. As a result, the elbow

joint bends and the forearm moves upwards

Answer provided by :

FARAHNABILAHBTAHMAD
5 Gastisia

Note: Sentences in RED are the ones who scored marks. 9/10- Good.

Bicep and triceps Muscles

Spinal Anatomy Animation

White Blood Cell Chases Bacteria

Isotonic Solution, Hypertonic Solution, Hypotonic Solution.

Science Experiment - Diffusion Through a Membrane

Watch out for Visking tubing..What does it represent?

Why the content of the Visking tubing becomes dark blue?

Why the outside solution of the Visking tubing remains yellowish brown (Iodine colour?)

What is the Inference of this experiment?

Leave your answers to those QS in the comment box please!

Holiday Task F4

Its a holiday...again...

And the Form 4 Helpilian girls have task to do...A simple one.Search and Google from internet ' 3 uses of Enzymes'.. And it is only the first day of the holiday, Hanim of 4 Helpilia has emailed me the task..so fast.(Should give more task eh..) Anyway, good job Hanim..Let me share your task with your friends here !

Enzymes within the Body

• Your body benefits from the uses of enzymes. You gain enzymes through the foods you consume. Enzymes are available in raw foods, so consuming abundant amounts of vegetables and fruit makes these enzymes readily available for your body's processes.Within your bod, the pancreas produces pancreatic enzymes that aid digestion and boosts your body's immunity.
• Food enzymes, which are plant-based, play the role of enhancing the body's vitality, and also enhance the efficiency of digestion. Pancreatic enzymes, found in animals, aid the digestive system, as well as promote a healthy and robust immune system. Small amounts of pancreatic enzyme is consumed when meat is eaten; however, the pancreas can make these enzymes.

Food and Drink Uses

• Enzymes have been used in the production of food and drinks for centuries. Products such as vinegar and cheese are produced from yeast and bacteria enzymes. Advances in the biological technologies have allowed scientists to extract these enzymes from their natural sources. By removing the enzyme, products taste better and be produced more uniformly because the yeast and bacteria by-products are not used in food processing.
• Enzymes are also used to yield food products cheaper and faster. The enzymes speed up the aging process of certain food products, such as cheeses, control the content levels of sugar and other ingredients and stabilize products ready for market.
• Enzymatic technologies produce sweeteners by converting wheat and corn starch into sugars. This is an economic alternative to cane sugar because both corn and wheat are easier and more economical to produce than sugar cane.

Enzymes and Leather

• Enzymes are used in place of harmful chemicals in the process of tanning raw animal hides. Enzymes are used to clean the hide and to remove its fur and fat. They also help to stabilize and preserve the final leather product.

Enzymes in Plastics

• As an environmentally friendly alternative to standard hydrocarbon plastics, enzymatic technology has been used to develop biodegradable plastics. Producing biodegradable plastics is a very expensive process that utilizes polymers from plants such as corn and wheat, as well as from bacteria, where enzymes later work to break down these plastics once exposed to the environment. More research and work is being conducted to produce more cost-effective, biodegradable plastics.

Enzymes and Biofuels

• Enzymes are used in the production of bioethanol, a biofuel, It is produced through the enzymatic conversion of plant starch into a biodegradable fuel product. Starchy plants include corn, wheat and grasses. The process is in its early stages and research is being conducted to make this an efficient alternative to standard fossil fuels currently used as fuel

Atlas and Axis

Vertebral Fusion

Cervical vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae

In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately inferior to the skull.

In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic orlumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery.

Special cervical vertebrae (C1, C2, and C7)

• C1 or atlas: The Atlas is the topmost vertebra, and – along with C2 – forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. Its chief peculiarity is that it has no body, and this is due to the fact that the body of the atlas has fused with that of the next vertebra.

• C2 or axis: It forms the pivot upon which C1 rotates. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is the strong odontoid process (dens) which rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body. The body is deeper in front than behind, and prolonged downward anteriorly so as to overlap the upper and front part of the third vertebra.

• C7 or vertebra prominens: The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process, hence the name vertebra prominens. In some subjects, the seventh cervical vertebra is associated with an abnormal pair of ribs, known as cervical ribs. These ribs are usually small, but may occasionally compress blood vessels (such as the subclavian artery) or nerves in the brachial plexus, causing ischemic muscle pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the upper limb.

Discuss with your teacher about what you should know about this vertebra !