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Hope it helps !

Selamat Maju Jaya

SELAMAT BERJAYA KEPADA SEMUA CALON SPM BIOLOGI....BUKTIKAN YANG ANDA MAMPU SKOR A BIO....

Define operationally.

How to go about answering question : Define operationally....OR...DEDUCE..

1. Do respond to the question..

2. Observe the proper way to write it by looking at the following examples.

Repost~ Define Operationally

Define Operationally

It must be done BASED ON EXPERIMENT GIVEN....

Quick Reminder !!

BIO ESSAY- Answering Technique

Reposted for SPM candidates 2012

COMMON but IMPORTANT TIPS in answering BIO ESSAYS are:

1. READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY before choosing TWO out of FOUR Qs.

2. HIGHLIGHT the COMMAND word in the question such as Explain, Describe,Compare...so that you know what you are supposed to do..

3.Plan your ESSAY...(by roughly sketching mind map, flow chart, diagram etc )

4.LOOK at THE MARKS allocated.(This give you idea how long your essay should be )

5.Answer in paragraphs if it is a long essay.

6. Tables are allowed only for COMPARING

7.Write at least 2 pages (including half page of Diagram) -

8. Produce Diagram to support your answer but make sure it is all labelled!!

9.Give Facts + Explanation for every answer..

10.Write as long as you like..Never mind if it is wrong..you wont be penalize.

11. Do not write in a point form...because it is ESSAY !!!

12.Choose only TWO essays if the instruction is TWO!!

13.....Write and keep on writing.....Produce all the BIO facts that you ever remember.

( BIO PAPER 2 need you to master BIO CONTENT very well !)

.........LAstly, your choice of questions must be correct....Chose the questions which you know the content very well...at least 80-100% content..

..and of course write clearly and confidently...may use your own words.. as long as it conveys the same meaning.

and...if its so difficult to express in English, you can write in BM :))

Forecast Paper 3 2012

Please click on image to enlarge..This is supposed to be the LAST minute attempt to help students to revise for Bio Paper 3. Just hope some will turn out to be real ! All the best !

Forecast SPM Paper 2 2012

**The forecasts are based on my analysis. It may or may not be true for some suggested chapters.

Hope it helps !

Please Click on image to enlarge ..

Development of pollen grain

Observe the labels..

Primary growth

Observe the labels..

Menstrual Cycle~Quick Facts

• The Menstrual cycle is a feedback mechanism because it is regulated by hormones which are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. This mechanism includes hormones that are interacted with tissues in the menstrual cycle.
• The female menstrual cycle is determined by a complex interaction of hormones. The predominant hormones involved in the menstrual cycle are:

1-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH),
2-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
3-luteinizing hormone (LH),
4-estrogen, and progesterone.

• GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus, the gonadotropins FSH and LH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland,and estrogen and progestin are secreted at the level of the ovary.
• GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulate release of estrogen and progestin at the level of the ovary
• Follicle stimulated hormone (FSH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is essential for follicular growth
• FSH induces estrogen and progesterone secretion and has negative feedback on GnRH secretion.
• Estrogen is produced at the level of the ovary and is crucial for the development of and maturation of the Graafian follicle.
• At low circulating levels, estrogens exert negative feedback on LH and FSH secretion; however, at very high levels estrogens exert positive feedback on LH and FSH secretion.

What is a compensation point?

Take note:

• Compensation point is the point where The light intensity at which the amount of carbon dioxide released in respiration equals the amount used in photosynthesis,
• and the amount of oxygen released in photosynthesis equals the amount used in respiration.
• The plant is in an optimum state of equillibrium
• In biology, the point at which there is just enough light for a plant to survive.
• This point is reached during early mornings and late evenings.
• Respiration is relatively constant whereas photosynthesis depends on the amount of sunlight.
• At the compensation point, the rate of photosynthesis is balanced to the rate of respiration so that the plant is neither consuming nor building biomass.

Bio Diagram

A good example of genetic chart

click to enlarge

Bio Diagram

Neurone and impulse transmission...a better view.

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Bio Diagram

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Brown eye colored is dominant. = B
Blue is recessive. = b

Bio Diagram

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Bio Diagram

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Gempur Paper 2

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Gempur Paper 2

Gempur Paper 2

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Gempur Paper 2

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Gempur Paper 2

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Homeostasis Oxygen

Ismerelda Rosetta- Task accepted.

Lymphatic and circulatory System

Study the diagrams to conceptualise the relationship between the two systems.

Sample Answer

GempurBio3- Qs 2 Template

Please click on image to enlarge.
May use this template to answer Question 2.

GempurBio 3-An analysis

Please click on image to enlarge !

Third phase towards SPM

Well...Let us divide form 5 year of teaching and learning (T&L) process  into three phases..
and I dont want to elaborate on the last two phases...Instead, I would like to suggest things that should be done for this final phase....before the final count down !!

1. For SBP students, I am sure you have got your result..I am talking about Bio result. For non SBP all of you are still struggling for your trial examination..

2. After getting your result, you may have to change your plan of actions:

* analyse each trial  paper carefully:

Paper 1 - If you scored more than 40 out of 50 ~ then you are quite safe.
Otherwise you have no choice except to practise 1000 and more ABCD/ MCQ  Question before SPM exam . Get hold of at least 10 sets of such questions :-)...Loose model Q&A can be bought from any bookshop..

Paper 2- Practise questions by chapters. Browse through all past year sample questions and answers . Emphasise on important 'key words' and 'biology knowledge' sentences..understand the concept, present the facts in a form of mind maps, tables, flow charts, diagrams...and later on memorise it !
Not just past year questions...but try out all TRIAL questions and answers from states. It will be very helpful.
Practise 10 sets more should be sufficient. Try to answer a more challenging questions especially for essays. Look for tips from internet, blogs and from your teachers.

Paper 3- You should score more than 45/50. This paper is an easy to score paper if you master the answering technique well. As for the answering technique, I believe most of the schools have exposed their students in their school programme. Try 10 sets from various sources before SPM starts. Try to answer and compare with the marking scheme provided. Discuss with teachers.

Countdown...you still have 2 months + , so plan well for Biology if you want to score A-PLUS..

My blog should be a help too...and freely ask me questions via Formspring or even chat box.

Happy Revising.

Respiratory System

Chloroplasts in close-up

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Human Genome Project animation

Digestive system in ruminents

A Cow's Digestive System

What is Pancreatic Cancer?

What Do My Pancreas Do?

Gallbladder problems

Digestive System

The digestion process in human

What happens to your food as it travels through ...

When leaves are not green...

How Does a Japanese Maple Tree Photosynthesize?

Japanese maples are prized for the deep mahogany color of their leaves. Recalling lessons in botany, we may wonder how it is that these trees photosynthesize since chlorophyll, the green leaf pigment responsible for photosynthesis, does not appear to be present. 


An understanding of leaf pigments in general can explain this phenomenon.

Identification

• Japanese maples differ from other maple trees in that their leaves, depending on the cultivar, range from red to purple in color. According to Virginia State University Extension, this color is most vibrant in early spring, when leaves are first emerging, and in late fall. During the height of summer, the leaves turn almost green. Trees grown in shady locations may also develop green leaves.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food in the form of carbohydrate, using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Regardless of how much water, carbon dioxide and soil nutrients are provided, a plant will suffer if it cannot photosynthesize its food. Japanese maples in shady locations require more chlorophyll to achieve sufficient photosynthesis, so their leaves tend to look greener year round.

  Chlorophyll

  • Chlorophyll gives plants their color by absorbing red and blue light while reflecting green. It is unique in that it can also store some of the solar energy in a latent form for later use by the plant. During photosynthesis chlorophyll is continually used up and must be replaced.

  Other Pigments

  • Carotenoids, which reflect yellow and orange, are secondary pigments in leaves that absorb light. A third class of pigment, anthocyanins, are responsible for all the red, blue and purple colors of leaves and fruits. These are the pigments in Japanese maples. Since chlorophyll is the least chemically stable of all the pigments, the others provide protection to chlorophyll from excess sun radiation by absorbing some wavelengths of light.

  Significance

  • Japanese maple trees, as with all other plants of red and blue hue, contain high amounts of anthocyanins along with the chlorophyll that is necessary for plant life. Although we may see mostly red color on the leaves, there is still sufficient chlorophyll to carry on photosynthesis. It is a matter of what pigment predominates as to what color our eyes see. The fact that we cannot see green does not mean that there is no chlorophyll present.

    Seasonal Changes

    • During the early spring, anthocyanin pigments predominate, with new leaves being formed by stored energy within the tree sap. As summer arrives, photosynthesis is at a high rate and the increased amount of chlorophyll masks the anthocyanin pigments so that we see green leaves tinged with red. Again in the fall leaves turn redder as photosynthesis declines, the amount of chlorophyll diminishes, and the anthocyanins are more visible.

    Thank you for sharing.
    
    Read more: How Does a Japanese Maple Tree Photosynthesize? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_6688901_japanese-maple-tree-photosynthesize_.html#ixzz1zfRpZWid

Dark Reaction?

What is  DARK REACTION  in photosynthesis ?

The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide.

The energy from ATP (produced during the light reactions) drives the dark reactions of photosynthesis. 

The term dark reactions does not mean the reactions happen at night or that they require darkness. It means that the reactions can proceed regardless of the amount of light available. 

The term is only used to identify the dark reactions with the light reactions, which obviously require light.

Field Work-Photosynthesis

Exploring School area..discovering types of leaves and leaves modification to photosynthesise..

         Leaves will be facing the sun..spreading its lamina wide..

          and the waxy cuticle helps the prevention of water loss ..

Searching for stomata...some leaves are not green. Does it mean that the coloured part does not photosynthesise?

The veins...the circulation of water and nutrient..

Leaves high up in search for light !

Some leaves are modified...reduced..become spiny

The leaf is thin, and has a very large surface area - making it ideal for diffusion and absorbsion. The larger the surface area, the more sunlight can be absorbed. 


The leaf is also thin so that the mesophyll cells are closer to the surface - reducing the diffusion distance of CO₂ from the surroundings to the mesophyll cells.

Leaves are a plant's main photosynthetic organs. Leaf structure is closely associated with its photosynthetic function. 

Leaves must permit carbon dioxide access to the photosynthetic cells but impede water from diffusing out. The oxygen that is a waste product of photosynthesis must be allowed to escape from the leaf.

The waxy cuticle at the top of the leaf is transparent, allowing light to enter for photosynthesis. It also stops transpiration for happening through the leaf, other than in the stomata.
The upper epidermal cells are also transparent to allow light in to reach the chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

The lower epidermis has stomata, which allow gaseous exchange to occur. Gasious exchange being the intake of CO₂ and the release of O₂, which is essential for photosynthesis.

Leaf Mosaic ~~The arrangement of foliage in most plants in such a pattern as to expose the maximum number of leaves to the direct rays of the sun with little loss of intervening space..