Cartilage and Joints

FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGE AND SYNOVIAL FLUID AT JOINTS
1. The places where two bones meet in the body are called joints.
2. In movable joint, the bones forming the joint are surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
3. Within the capsule is a membrane : synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
4. The fluid fills the space that separates the articulating surfaces of two bones,

5. Function of Synovial Fluid?
is to lubricate the joint, REDUCING friction when bones move And to nourish the cartilage found on the end surfaces of the bones which forms the joint.

6. Function of the cartilage?
AS A SHOCK ABSORBER PREVENTING THE BONES FROM DAMAGE WHEN A PERSON MOVES.

(Skeletal) Muscles,Ligaments,Tendons, Bones~IN MOVEMENT

ROLE OF THE MUSCLES, LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS IN MOVEMENT SKELETAL MUSCLES:
1. The skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibres.
2. These muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton to effect movement.
3. The skeletal muscles are not attached directly to the bones. They are attached to at least two bones across joints through the tendons.
4. The bones of the skeleton to which the muscles are attached operate as levers.
5. Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting the force to pull on the tendons which are attached to bones.
6. All skeletal muscles exist in pairs
7. They act as antagonistic pairs, meaning: when one member of a pair of muscles contract, the other must relax.
8. Example: The movement of forelimb is brought about by the contraction and relaxation of a pair of antagonistic muscles, which is called the biceps and triceps.

TENDONS:
9. Tendons are tough, strong and inelastic strands of dense connective tissues made up of fibres.
10. Tendons join skeletal muscles to the bone

LIGAMENTS:
11. Ligaments held the bones together at the joints.
12. Ligaments are connective tissues which are flexible, strong and elastic.
13. This allows two bones to be held together and,
14. Permits limited movement but at the same time, ensures that bones do not become dislocated.
15. Since muscles can only contract, at least two muscles must be used to move a bone in a position and back again.
16. Movements of the body are brought about by the contraction of a pair of antagonistic muscles.
17. All muscles have two primary proteins :
i. Actin
ii. Myosin
Together they form ACTOMYOSIN complex that, in presence of ATP, will contract.

18. Energy for this contraction comes from ATP produced by the mitochondria in the muscles.
19. Muscles which contract when receiving impulses from the brain are voluntary muscles.

Task 2 Explain how the bones, skeletal muscles, tendons and joints bring out movement in the arm or leg. (10 marks)

....................Ligaments pic:

All pics are extracted from various sources from the net for educational purposes. TQ.