Sample Qs-Essay

Another good Qs from Trengganu Trial to consider !

[ 10 marks]

[10 marks]

Answer (a)

F1: Diagram 9(a) / height is a continuous variation

P1: the graph is a bell-shape curve / normal distribution

P2: quantitative / its features can be measured

P3: there are intermediate characteristic

P4: have no distinct categories // have complete range of measurement among the boys

P5: influenced by environmental conditions // causes by environmental and genetic factor // cannot be inherited

P6: controlled by two or more genes [Any 5 / Max 5 marks]

F2: Diagram 9(b) / fingerprint pattern is a discontinuous variation

P7: the graph shows discrete distribution / separate bar column

P8: qualitative / characteristic cannot be measured

P9: there is no intermediate pattern

P10: each pattern is distinctively different

P11: not be influenced by environmental factors / caused by genetic factors only / can be inherited

P12: controlled by one gene [Any 5 / Max 5 marks]

(b) Able to describe how the variation occurs in that species of fish.

P1: the variation take place causes by genetic factors

P2: genetic factors are crossing over, independent assortment (of chromosome), random fertilization and mutation

Crossing over

P3: occurs during prophase I of meiosis

P4: segments of chromatids exchange places / segment of maternal chromatid attaches to paternal chromatid

P5: creates a new combination of genes

P6: a gamete (with various combination of genes) produce when chromatid separate during anaphase II

Independent assortment of chromosome

P7: at metaphase I, homologous pair of chromosome are arranged on the equatorial plate / metaphase plate at random

P8: chromosome (inherited) from the father / mother may pass into the same / different gamete

P9: (some of the ) gamete may have the paternal / maternal genotype

P10: (other) may have different combinations of the paternal and maternal genotype

Random fertilisation

P11: Haploid gamete fertilize / fuse randomly with another different haploid gamete

P12: Form diploid zygote with a new combination of genes / different genetic composition

Mutation

P13: Changes in DNA (due to mutation) produce new genes

P14: Two type of mutation : chromosomal mutation and gene mutation [ 10 max]

Reject : environmental factors because is not be inherited

Sample Qs-Structure.

A good Qs from Trengganu Trial 2010

QUESTION 1

Answer:

P = hypertonic solution

Q = hypotonic solution [ 1+1 marks]

QUESTION (b) Explain the phenomenon that occurs on animal cell B in solution P and Q

Answer:

(a) Solution P:

F1: Phenomenon is crenation .

P1: Solution P is hypertonic compare to animal cell / cell B.

P2: Water diffused out from animal cell / cell B by osmosis

P3: Animal Cell / cell B shrivels / shrink [ max 3 marks]

Solution Q:

F2: Phenomenon is haemolysis

P4: Solution Q is hypotonic compare to the animal cell / cell B.

P5: Water diffused into animal cell / cell B by osmosis.

P6: Animal cell / cell B expand and burst [max 3 marks]

QUESTION :

(c) Explain why on a hot day and dry season a plant wilt. [ 2 marks]

ANSWER:

F: (On hot day,) plant loses water by transpiration / evaporation of water vapour through the stomata.

P: Plant cells become plasmolysed., causing the plant to wilt.

QUESTION:

Explain how the water move into the cell Z. [ 2 marks]

ANSWER:

P1: The soil water is hypotonic compare to cell sap of root hair // the cell sap is hypertonic compare to the soil solution

P2: Water diffused into cell sap of root hair by osmosis.

TOTAL = 12 marks

Somatic Cells Versus Stem Cells

I'm responding to Adi's question: What is the difference between stem cells and somatic cells?

STEM CELL is a basic cell which can divide and develop into cells with particular functions. Other cells in the body 'stem' from this type of cells (hence, the name stem cells ).

Stem cells are undiffrentiated cells that can undergo unlimited division to form other cells. This means stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves, unlike other body cells.
They are also unspecialised which can potentially become any type of cells.
They differentiate to form specialised functioning body cells such as skin cells, red blood cells, nerve cells, and skeletal muscle cells under certain condition.
They remain in the body until they get a signal to diffrentiate or gradually change into the desired cell type. This occurs when specific genes in the stem cell are turned on.This process helps cells to specialise so they can carry out different function.

There are two types of stem cells:
1. the embryonic stem cells.
2.An adult stem cells.

Please visit this site for details of Stem cells:

http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp

Somatic cells (diploid) are any cells forming the body of an organism. It is a non-sex cell . In humans, somatic cells contain 46 individual chromosomes, .

(I would suggest it to be mentioned if the question asking about where MITOSIS takes place in human and animals = SOMATIC CELLS (Not stem cells)

Scientists also use the term somatic stem cell instead of adult stem cell, where somatic refers to cells of the body (not the germ cells, sperm or eggs).

Undifferentiated stem cells—is a somatic cell: internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue are all made up of somatic cells.

The word "somatic" is derived from the Greek word sōma, meaning "body".

Hope it helps !

Forecast Bio Set2 Paper 2

Question 1:

Movement of substance across plasma membrane (Diagram)

-Fluid mosaic model

-iso/hypo/hypertonic

Question 2:

Cell Division (Diagram)

-Meiosis relate with variation

Question 3:

Endangered Ecosystem (Diagram)

-Air pollution/ green house effect, global warming

-Acidic rain- gases involve

-the effects

Question 4:

Dynamic ecosytem (Diagram)

-Interaction

-Population ecology- Quadrat sampling

-Abiotic factors affecting population

Question 5:

Growth (Diagram/ Graph)

- Human- boy and girl

-plant-primary and secondary growth

ESSAY

Question 6:

Nutrition (Diagram/ Graphs)

-Leaves

-Photosynthesis-factors affecting

Question 7:

Respiration (Diagram/Graphs)

-Regulatory mechanism in respiration

Question 8:

Transport (Diagram/Graphs)

-Immunity

-Defence mechanism-third line

-Lymphocytes and lymphatic system

-AIDS

Question 9:

Coordination (Diagram)

-Homeostasis- Osmoregulation

-Hormones involved and negative feedback mechanism.

-Kidney and urine formation

Forecast Bio Set1 Paper 2

Question 1: (Diagram)

Cell Structure and Function

-Cell specialisation and organisation in multiorganism

Question 2: (Diagram)

Chemical Composition

-protein- structure and function

-carbohydrate- structure and function : starch, cellulose, glycogen

-Enzyme synthesis

Question 3: (Diagram)

Dynamic Ecosystem

-succession, colonisation, pioneer, climax community

-Mangrove-adaptation

Question 4:(Diagram)

Transport

-Heart-structure

-Blood vessels: artery,vein,blood capillary

-Circulatory system in man and animals.

-Erythrocytes adaptation to transport oxygen and CO2

Question 5: (Diagram/ Graph)

Reproduction

-Menstrual cycle- calendar/ graphs

-Hormones

- early development of zygote

ESSAY

Question 6:(Diagram/ Table)

Nutrition

-Evaluate eating habits- Food pyramid, Food Labels, Tables

-Food production-technology

Question 7: (Graphs)

Dynamic Ecosystem

-Impact of microorganism on life (Except nitrogen cycle)

-prey predator

-competition-graphs (PAPER 3)

Question 8:(Diagram)

Coordination

-Nervous system- transmission of impulse in voluntary and involuntary action

-synapses role

Question 9:(Statement)

Inheritance

-Genetic chart - the application of Mendel 1 st Law

-Colored-blind ( Except haemophilia)

-Albino

-Variation

-mutation

Forecast Bio Paper 2

Finally I'm presenting two sets of Forecast Paper 2..Have a look at the images first..I will publish the proper one again..The following is supposed to be my draft :-)

Click on images to enlarge!

BIO SPM 2010

YOUR BIOLOGY PAPERS ARE SCHEDULED ON:

WEDNESDAY

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

FAQ-Chapter 15-Variation

Paper 2:

1. Comparing continuous variation and discontinuous variation. [ 6 marks]

**Comparing means similarities and differences please !

2.Effects of genetic factors on variation- Relate with meiosis.

3. Effects of environmental factors on Variation- food, climate, living life styles.

4. Chromosomal mutations and Gene Mutation

FAQ- Chapter 14 -Inheritance

1. Make sure you know

i. how to draw the proper, complete genetic chart for both Mendel's Laws-

ii. you know very well the genetic terms such : pure breed, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous, Filial 1 generation and so on..

**If you understand all the terms, then only you will be able to start solving the problem.

2. Read the question carefully, underline the Command / Task word .

To explain means : draw Diagram and explain !

Unless the question stated as 'Draw the chart..'Make sure the diagram is labelled correctly.

3. ABO blood group system

4. Color blindness

5.Contribution of genetic engineering :

i. agriculture [ 3 marks]

ii. GMO [ 2 marks]

iii. medical sector.[ 4 marks]

iv. DNA finger printing. [ 3 marks]

v. Human genome project .[ 3 marks ]

**1 mark means 1 sentence of explanation.

FAQ-Chapter 13-Reproduction & Growth

Paper 2:

1. Oogenesis- Diagram and the event.

2. Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle: FSH, LH, Oestrogen and progesterone: Interpreting graphs : Facts + Explanation.

3. Fertilisation and early development of zygote - The Diagram and the Event. [ 6 marks]

4. The formation of pollen grains [ 4 marks] Versus The formation of the embryo sac in the ovule [ 5 marks]

5. Growth curve of Girls Versus Boys. Interpret graph - Facts + Explanation.- Relate it with Growth hormones.

FAQ-Chapter 12- Coordination and Response

Paper 2 :

1. The transmission pathway of information: From Receptor to Effector- The flow chart of the event..Response to the question whether it is a Voluntary action, Involuntary action or even REFLEX ACTION.

* Dont forget the involvement of the 3 types of neurones !

2. The transmission of information across SYNAPSE [ 4 marks]

3. Involuntary action controlled by SPINAL CORD - Reflex action . The effectors are skeletal muscles ![ 6 marks]

4. Involuntary actions controlled by MEDULA OBLONGATA- digestion, blood circulation, breathing..the effectors are smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands!

5. Coordination involving THE NERVOUS SYSTEM and THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM in a 'fight or flight' situation- Adrenaline . [ 5 marks]

6. Kidney and urine formation:

Ultrafiltration [ 3 marks], Reabsoption [ 3 marks], Secretion [ 2 marks]

7. Diagram of a functional nephrone.

8. Compare excretion and urination

9.Relating blood osmotic pressure to urine output. (Paper 3)

10. Mechanism of osmoregulation - The negative feedback mechanism- The chart - Homeostasis...Make sure to response to the question of the situation : Too much water or too little water !

11. The regulation of body temperature. The chart.

FAQ-Chapter 11- Locomotion and Support

Paper 2 Hot Favorites :

1. Able to identify and state ONE special feature of cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae

2. The role of bones [ 2marks], tendon [ 2 marks], ligament [2 marks], skeletal muscles[3 marks], joints [ 1 mark] IN movement.

3. Healthy musculoskeletal system : balanced diet and good posture.

FAQ-Chapter 10-Transport

Go Go Go - Paper 2:

1. Erythrocytes ~ Adaptations and explanation .[6 marks]

2. Function of blood in transport, focusing more on how oxygen and carbon dioxide is transported. [ 8 marks ]

3. Differences between arteries and veins in both STRUCTURE and FUNCTION.

4. The human heart- the chambers, the main blood vessels and the double circulatory system.

5.The body defence mechanism- the first, second and third line.

6. The third line defence which involve the production of antibodies by LYMPHOCYTES and relate it with lymphatic system.

7.Interpreting graphs of Natural active immunity, artificial active immunity and artificial passive immunity.

8. Transpiration: factors affecting such as temperature, light intensity, and air movement. The FACTS and EXPLANATION... (PAPER 3 too )

Sample Qs-Dynamic Ecosystem

Some bacteria and other microorganisms are harmful to human beings as they cause diseases. EXPLAIN HOW diseases are transmitted and SUGGEST ways to control the spread of diseases. [10 marks]

Tips:

1. Command words : EXPLAIN HOW and SUGGEST

2.Total Marks 10

3. It is 6 + 4

Suggested Answer:

Disease such as cholera can be transmitted through contaminated food and water. Microorganisms such as bacteria or virus will attached to the dirty hands of the infected person when they touch the food.

Disease such as AIDS can be transmitted by direct contact with an infected person. This is through sexual contact with infected person. Disease like ringworm can be infected by using personal things of infected person. [ 2 marks allocated from this paragraph]

Vectors such as flies and cochroaches can transmit microorganism/pathogen from faeces or contaminated food while mosquito inject the infected person when it bites the body of another person and it pass the microorganisms [ 2 marks allocated from this para ]

Airborne diseases like TB is transmitted via liquid droplets which contains pathogen and enter to the other persons body via respiratory system. The liquid droplets produced when a person sneezes, cough or spit. [ 2 marks allocated from this para ]

In order to control the spread of diseases: the use of antibiotics may kill and inhibit the growth of the pathogen.

The use of vaccine to stimulate the body to produce antibody to built up the body immune system.

The use of antiseptics on wounds or cuts can kill or inhibit growth of microorganism and the use of disinfectant can inhibit the growth of microorganisms on floors, furnitures and rooms.

[ 4 marks allocated for suggestions ]

FAQ-Chapter 8 : Dynamic Ecosystem

Well..if you noticed and have gone through all my previous postings (which are related to this chapter) , there are some questions and answers which were already provided for you to pay extra attention.

As for paper 2, commonly asked include:

1. Interaction between organism.

To EXPLAIN HOW, or EXPLAIN WHY means include FACTS + EXPLANATION

2. Succession in Mangrove swamp.

3. Explain the problems and the adaptive structures of EACH mangrove plant species.

4. Quadrat sampling TECHNIQUE.

5. Capture, mark, release, recapture TECHNIQUE.

6. Paper 3: The effect of different **light intensity on the population growth of ***LEMNA species.

** Light intensities is the abiotic factors. It can be **pH, Temperature, nutrients too !!

What is ***Lemna? Please check my posting about it in the same Chapter/Label.

7. What is the importance of biodiversity?

8. You must know very well about YEAST, the microorganism which is often used in LAB experiments.. It appears in this chapter, apart from Chapter Respiration !

9.Harmful microorganisms~ focusing on diseases which are transmitted via:

*food/water

*direct contact

*vectors

*air

Diseases required to know: Malaria, Dengue fever, cholera, AIDS, food poisoning, SARS, Hepatitis.

10. What is Antibiotics, vaccines, antiseptics and disinfectant!

11. Uses of microorganisms in biotech:

*production of antibiotic and vaccines . [ 3m]

*waste treatment. [4m]

*food processing.[4m]

*production of bioplastic.[3m]

*production of energy from biomass.[3m]

FAQ-Chapter 7:Respiration

What you should focus on this chapter for paper 2:

1. Anaerobic respiration in

* yeast

* human muscles

2. The respiratory structures of

*fish

*insect

*man

- The adaptation of structures: Facts + Explanation

3. EXPLAIN gaseous exchange across the respiratory surfaces:

* between the surface of the alveolus and the blood capillaries

*between the blood capillaries and the body cells [10 m]

4. EXPLAIN the transport of gases in human. [ 6 marks ]

5. DESCRIBE the human respiratory response and the rate of respiration in the following situations:

* Vigorous exercise / activity

*In fear (Relate with adrenaline hormone !)

*At high altitude [ 3+3+3 m]

REMINDER:

Please take note of the DIAGRAMS given in the question. Use all the information given to support your writing. The length of your essay is very much depending on the MARKS allocated. Write MORE if the marks are MORE.

All the best !

Essay Question: Facts + Explanation

Ways to sustain life

1. Using technology

- Uses bacteria to decompose layer of oil-covered surface of oceans

- Produces biogases by using agricultural organic waste as fuel

- Uses unleaded petrol, natural gas and alcohol to reduce pollutants

- Installs filters and builds high chimneys to reduce the pollutants released into the atmosphere

- Installs catalytic converters in exhaust of vehicles

- Recycle the wastes

2. Using Renewable energy

- Uses solar energy and electric energy to transport vehicles

- Uses geothermal energy, tidal energy and hydro energy

3. Biological Control

- Control population of pests by introducing its natural enemies

- Avoids using pesticides

4. Conservation and restoration of soil, water, forest and swamp land.

- Soil is conserved and restored to control water run-off and landslides

- Water resources are conserved to minimize pollution

- Regenerates replacement forests after deforestation

- Fauna and flora are conserved to enhance stability of ecology

5. Education

- Educates society to concern about environment

- Increases environmental knowledge of individuals and societies to environmental problems.

-Campaigns

6. Legislation and Enforcement of Law

- Environmental Quality Act

- National Forestation Act

- Factory and Machinery Act

- Pesticide Act

7. Preservation of resources

- Reduces use of pesticides

- Prepares suitable habitat for breeding

- Reduces deforestation

- Prohibit hunting activities

Essay Question: Facts+Explanation

EFFECTS OF UNORGANISED DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE ECOSYSTEM

1. Soil Erosion

-Soil surface which is covered with organic compounds and tiny particles are blown

away by wind and flow together with rainwater.

2. Deforestation

- Increases atmospheric carbon dioxide level

- Effects on climate

- soil gets infertile and undergoes erosion

- Extinction of organisms

3. Landslide

- Loose land and movement of soil at steep hills causes mud and land to slide

4. Flash Flood

- Soil erosion causes sedimentation of soil in rivers

- Rivers become shallow.

- So, water will overflow riverside during heavy rain

- poor water flow in blocked drains and roads

5. Thinning of ozone layer

- Increase in exposure to ultraviolet ray causes increase in global temperature

- Melting of ice in the poles will happen

- and thus causing sea level to rise.

6. Eutrophication

- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for aquatic organism increases

- Death of aquatic organisms due to oxygen depletion as the result of excess use of oxygen by bacteria for decomposition

7. Global warming

- Global temperature increases as a result of excess quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

- Heat reflected from surface of the earth is trapped by this gas.

Abiotic Components in Environment

Abiotic Components :

a) Topography

§ Physical features of the land which concern the altitude, gradient & aspect of a region

§ Influences the humidity, temperature & light intensity of an ecosystem

§ Determines the distribution & growth of organisms

**Experiment to investigate effect of aspect on the distribution and growth of Pleurococcus!!!!

b) pH value

§ Effect on the distribution of organisms (in the habitat)

§ Majority of organisms survive well in neutral environment

**Experiment to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of yeast OR Lemna !!

c) Light intensity

§ Affects the distribution & growth of plants & animals

§ Source of energy for photosynthesis

§ Vary intensities of sunlight – different type of plants

**Experiment to investigate the effect of light intensity on the distribution and growth of Pleurococcus.

d) Temperature

§ Affects the physiological activities of plants & animals

§ Most organisms survive within the temperature range of 0°C & 45°C

§ Drop of temperature – decreases of metabolic activity in living organisms

§ Higher than 45°C , enzymes will denatured

e) Humidity

§ Amount of water vapour present in the air

§ Humidity low – water evaporates from the moist surfaces at the faster rate

f) Microclimate

§ Climate in the microhabitat

§ Includes the humidity, temperature, light intensity & atmospheric conditions

§ Affects the population & distribution of organisms