Cartilage and Joints

FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGE AND SYNOVIAL FLUID AT JOINTS
1. The places where two bones meet in the body are called joints.
2. In movable joint, the bones forming the joint are surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
3. Within the capsule is a membrane : synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
4. The fluid fills the space that separates the articulating surfaces of two bones,

5. Function of Synovial Fluid?
is to lubricate the joint, REDUCING friction when bones move And to nourish the cartilage found on the end surfaces of the bones which forms the joint.

6. Function of the cartilage?
AS A SHOCK ABSORBER PREVENTING THE BONES FROM DAMAGE WHEN A PERSON MOVES.

(Skeletal) Muscles,Ligaments,Tendons, Bones~IN MOVEMENT

ROLE OF THE MUSCLES, LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS IN MOVEMENT SKELETAL MUSCLES:
1. The skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibres.
2. These muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton to effect movement.
3. The skeletal muscles are not attached directly to the bones. They are attached to at least two bones across joints through the tendons.
4. The bones of the skeleton to which the muscles are attached operate as levers.
5. Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting the force to pull on the tendons which are attached to bones.
6. All skeletal muscles exist in pairs
7. They act as antagonistic pairs, meaning: when one member of a pair of muscles contract, the other must relax.
8. Example: The movement of forelimb is brought about by the contraction and relaxation of a pair of antagonistic muscles, which is called the biceps and triceps.

TENDONS:
9. Tendons are tough, strong and inelastic strands of dense connective tissues made up of fibres.
10. Tendons join skeletal muscles to the bone

LIGAMENTS:
11. Ligaments held the bones together at the joints.
12. Ligaments are connective tissues which are flexible, strong and elastic.
13. This allows two bones to be held together and,
14. Permits limited movement but at the same time, ensures that bones do not become dislocated.
15. Since muscles can only contract, at least two muscles must be used to move a bone in a position and back again.
16. Movements of the body are brought about by the contraction of a pair of antagonistic muscles.
17. All muscles have two primary proteins :
i. Actin
ii. Myosin
Together they form ACTOMYOSIN complex that, in presence of ATP, will contract.

18. Energy for this contraction comes from ATP produced by the mitochondria in the muscles.
19. Muscles which contract when receiving impulses from the brain are voluntary muscles.

Task 2 Explain how the bones, skeletal muscles, tendons and joints bring out movement in the arm or leg. (10 marks)

....................Ligaments pic:

All pics are extracted from various sources from the net for educational purposes. TQ.

Types of Vertebrae

Some of the pics below are very useful for you to identify the characteristics of each vertebrae.

As for your SPM, you should be able to not just Identify them BUT at least be able to label some important parts and their functions!!


...and take note that each of the vertebrae has its own special characteristic AND you must give reason for that characteristic!!

Thoracic

Lumbar

Cervical

Lumbar

..All pics are extracted and meant for education purposes..TQ.

Understanding Support

Understanding support and locomotion in humans and animals

1. The ability of animals to move from place to place is termed as locomotion.
2. Locomotion in higher animals is a result of interaction between the skeleton and the muscles.
3. Muscles can contract and relax
4. Muscles attached to the bones contract to pull the bones of the skeletons which are arranged in a system of levers. This produces movement.
5. The muscles involved are skeletal muscles.
6. There are three types of skeletons:
i. Hydrostatic skeleton (fluid)
ii. Exoskeleton (external)
iii. Endoskeleton (internal)

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN SKELETON
1. The human skeleton consists of many bones joined together.
2. The place where the bones are joined together is known as joint
3. The parts of the skeleton that form an imaginary line down the back of the body are known as the axial skeleton.
4. The limbs and the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton make up the appendicular skeleton.
5. Observe and identify the arrangement of the vertebrae in the column...

Get my Latest!

..May be you need a reference book..I am not actually promoting it here...but just to let all of you know that these two are my stuff ~2009 and 2010~bearing nick name : nadiah syukur... Another 2 will be released soon....

..Some of the materials in the books are posted here...FOC...So why not fully utilise my blog!
Happy Revising for your SPM 2010... Score A+ fo Biology~ All Malaysian students!!


My latest.... 2010 edition..

Students Task~Transport

Some of the students Tasks:
##You may click on the image if u wanna enlarge it!

Gempur Paper 3 Set 1~SPM2009

ANSWER for Question 1 and 2- SET 1 GEMPUR PAPER 3~SPM 2009

QUESTION 1

1.(a)

(b)(i) . At a distance of 10 cm from the bulb, the length of gas bubble is 5 cm

2. At a distance of 50 cm from the bulb, the length of gas bubble is 1 cm

(ii)1. At low light intensity, Less gas is produced showing the low rate of photosynthesis.

2. At high light intensity, more gas is produced showing the high rate of photosynthesis.

(c)

(d)As the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases.// As the distance of the plant from the bulb increases, the length of the air bubble increases

(e)(i)

(ii)

(f)As the distance increases, the rate of photosynthesis decreases, because the light intensity decreases and less gas is produced.

(g)Photosynthesis is the process that takes place in an aquatic plant. It requires light from the bulb and sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and produces gas bubbles.

(h)The length of gas bubbles increases more than 3 cm because the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution increases, more oxygen is produced.

(i)
QUESTION 2

Aim:To study the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction

Problem Statement:What are the effects of temperature on salivary amylase activity on starch?

Hypothesis: When the temperature increases, the rate of enzyme reaction increases.

Variables:

Manipulated : temperature of the reaction
Responding: the rate of enzyme reaction // the time taken for the hydrolysis of starch

Constant : volume of enzyme// concentration of enzyme

Apparatus &Materials: Beakers, test tube, thermometer,syringe, stopwatch, Bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, glass rod,starch, saliva, water bath, ice cubes, Iodine solution

Technique:Using stop watch to record the time taken for the complete hydrolysis of starch

Procedure:

1.Use a syringe to put 1 ml of 0.1% starch suspension into each of the test tubes : A1 and B1
2.Use another syringe to put 2 ml of saliva into each of the test tubes labelled A 2 and ,B2
3.Immerse test tubes A1 and A2 into water bath of cold water (10 0C C)
4.After 5 minutes of immersion, pour the starch suspension from test tube A1 into test tube A2. 5.Stir the mixture using a glass rod
6.Starts the stop watch.
7.Use a dropper to put a drop of mixture from test tube A2 onto the iodine solution in the first groove of the white tile
8.Repeat the iodine test for every minute for 10 minutes
9.Rinse the dropper after each sampling
10.Record the time taken for the hydolysis of starch
11.Keep the test tubes with the mixture in their respective water bath throughout the experiment
12.Repeat the experiment with warm water (37 0C)
13.Repeat experiment to get average reading

14.Record the result in a Table

Result:

Conclusion: When the temperature increases, the rate of amylase reaction increases.