The Pancreas

Mechanism of action of insulin

Extracted.TQ

Alcohol and its effects

SKIN and thermoregulation

Action of Blood capillaries

Action of Erector hair muscles

Goose pimple when you are  cold..

Thermoregulation

Its SKIN....

Blood Sugar Regulation

All about Nephron

ULTRAFILTRATION

Homeostasis

TOPIC OF THE WEEK

My Answer to Maxis Qs

Maxis has asked me a few questions via comment box a  few days back. Hope these answers help :)

Question 1:

Yes..You can rely on the answers in KP Tahun2 lepas. Of course SPM marking scheme will provide alternatives of answers but you can only find one choice answer from buku Kertas Pep Tahun2 Lepas by sasbadi.

Question 2:

You may use any reference books. Each reference book has its own elaboration on certain chapters. Some books highlighted certain chapters while others don’t. So its up to you to choose which book to refer for each chapters. Terms like Thromboplastin ~ thrombokinase, vertebral foramen ~ vertebrarterial canal…and even sensory neurone~ afferent neurone…In answering for SPM, you can write any of the two…you are correct. Don’t worry about the terms..as long as it is the same structure …

Question 3 . How to identify the points required for structured / essay question ? 

You have to start revising using KEYWORDS  You have to study in sequence  for answers which involved mechanism…or process..

You can use FACTS and EXPLANATION  for your Essay..**May refer to my previous  postings for examples of answering paper 2.

Question 4:

Describe the locomotion of an earthworm , 5m . 

Your answer : 

Body of an earthworm is made up of circular muscle and longitudinal muscle which work antagonistically .

When the circular muscles contract , the longitudinal muscles relax and the posterior segment extend and becomes longer .

When the circular muscles relax , the longitudinal muscles contract and the anterior segment becomes shorter and the chaetae anchor to the ground .

The earthworm is made up of hydrostatic skeleton . 

**Refer to my response  attached ya… **Click to enlarge.

Another one , how do I answer essay question about locomotion ( muscles involved in walking ) ? 

My suggestion:

If it carries 10 marks, points to be included:

·         A pair of muscles (name it)..skeletal muscles

·         Antagonistic, one contract, the other one relax

·         The role of tendon to transfer force to the bone

·         The role of ligament

·         The role of joint

·         To affect movement

Neurotransmission- 3D

The Brain

The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. It is made up almost entirely of nerve cells.At any given moment there are millions of electrical impulses running through the brain. The brain is constantly receiving and responding to hundreds of messages from the environment and the internal organs of our body.

Sample Qs Transport

The Question with student's answer

Marking Scheme

Another Sample Answer

Mind Map Nervous System

Click on image to enlarge..

The use of Mind Map has proven to enhance students understanding on certain concepts in Bio..

Mind Map Global Warming

Take note that Global Warming is related to Greenhouse effect..

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM | human anatomy

Root Hair

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ROOT HAIR

Root hairs are adapted to perform their function by:

• Increasing the surface area for absorption because they extend beyond the cell;
• Having cell walls that are thin and permeable for quick diffusion;
• Containing a very large vacuole to maintain the concentration gradient; and
• The absence of a cuticle on any root cells.

Transpirational Pull

Transpiration pull

Stomata are found on the leaf surface.
The suction force of transpiration is caused by the loss of water vapour through the stomata.
Transpiration pull is the force responsible for moving water all the way up the stem, to the leaves and is the most powerful of the three forces.
Water moves from the xylem in the main vein of the leaf, through the spongy parenchyma, into the intercellular air spaces and out through the stoma as water vapour.
The water moves from the leaf surface by evaporation.
This creates a water potential around the leaf, resulting in a negative pressure developing in the xylem.
This suction force is transferred along the leaves and stem, resulting in a decrease in the water potential of the roots.
Transpiration may cause excess water loss resulting in the plant wilting.
Excess wilting will cause death.

Gutattion

Guttation through Hydathodes !

Guttation Vs Transpiration

Guttation

(i) It 'occurs through hydathodes in the leaves.
(ii) It is exuded in the form of liquid.
(iii) It takes place either in the morning or during the night.
(iv) The hydathode remains open whole day and night.
(v) Oozed out water is not pure and contains inorganic and organic substances.
(vi) It occurs through hydathodes.
(vii) It takes place mostly in herbaceous plants.
(viii) It has no relation with the temperature.
(ix) It takes place due to development of root pressure.

Transpiration

(i) It occurs through stomata, cuticle and lenticels.
(ii) Water is lost in the form of water vapour.
(iii) It occurs only in day time.
(iv) The stomata of leaves usually remain open during day and get closed at night.
(v) Water is pure and contains no salt.
(vi) Major loss of water takes place through stomata.
(vii) It takes place in all higher terrestrial plants.
(viii) Transpiration maintains the temperature of the plant,
(ix) Root pressure is not involved.