Paper 3 Question 2

Here are some possibilities of Question 2 PAPER3.

FROM CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

1. Diagram 1 shows an area where different activities are being carried out. The river flowing at the area receives the wastes from the town and also from the factories. In conjunction with their studies of the effects of human activities on the environment, a group of students carried out an experiment to study the level of water pollution in three stations A, B and C, along the river.

Plan an investigation which you could carry out in the laboratory to determine the level of pollution in stations A, B and C.The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

● Problem statement

● Aim of investigation

● Hypothesis

● Variables

● List of apparatus and materials

● Technique

● Procedure

● Presentation of data

● Conclusion

FROM CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

2.Interaction between the two components, the biotic and abiotic in an ecosystem produces a stable ecosystem.Based on the above information, design an experiment to investigate how the temperature does affects the growth of yeast.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

● Problem statement

● Aim of investigation

● Hypothesis

● Variables

● List of apparatus and materials

● Technique

● Procedure

● Presentation of data

● Conclusion

FROM CHAPTER 6; NUTRITION

3. The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by different environment factors. Based on the above situation; plan a laboratory experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

· Statement of identified problem

· Objective of study

· Variables

· Statement of hypothesis

· List of materials and apparatus

· Technique used

· Experimental procedure

· Presentation of data

· Conclusion

FROM CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

4. The population of crow is increasing in Nilai Village due to the existence of dumping site. The villager complained the birds’ dropping caused corrosion to their vehicle paint.

A group of biologists decides to carry out a study to find out the population size of the crow before deciding the appropriate approach to overcome the problem faced by the community. The population size of crow in Nilai Village is compared to the population of crow in Kluang Village which is 10km away.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

● Problem statement

● Aim of investigation

● Hypothesis

● Variables

● List of apparatus and materials

● Technique

● Procedure

● Presentation of data

● Conclusion

FROM CHAPTER 7 : RESPIRATION

5. During vigorous exercise such as running, the muscles require more oxygen and glucose to release energy during cellular respiration. Therefore the rate of respiration and heartbeat change. Design an experiment to study the effect of vigorous exercise on the respiration and heartbeat rates.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects

• Problem statement

● Aim of investigation

● Hypothesis

● Variables

● List of apparatus and materials

● Technique

● Procedure

● Presentation of data

● Conclusion

FROM CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

6. Plant needs macronutrients and micronutrients to grow healthy and reproduce. Nitrogen as in nitrate, phosphorus and potassium are most important.By using a suitable plant that can absorb nutrient from nutrient solution (aquaculture), design an experiment to show the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency on this plant.

Your experimental planning need to include the following aspects:

· Statement of identified problem

· Objective of study

· Variables

· Statement of hypothesis

· List of materials and apparatus

· Technique used

· Experimental procedures

· Presentation of data

* Conclusion

FROM CHAPTER 3; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

7. A group of students did a study on the function of enzymes as an organic catalyst that can regulate and increase the rate biochemical reactions in the cell. Enzymes are very sensitive to a change in temperature and functions efficiently at an optimum temperature. Design an experiment to study the effect of different substrate concentration on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

· Statement of identified problem

· Objective of study

· Variables

· Statement of variables

· List of materials and apparatus

· Technique used

· Experimental procedure

· Presentation of data

* Conclusion

Sample Qs

Explaining the formation of urine.. Lets have a look at how you answered and compare it with my answers ! (Syai)

Your Answer:

Ultrafiltration occur at glomerulus. ...

Comment: 1 mark

The pressure at the glomerulus is high because the size of afferent artriole is bigger than efferent artriole. ..

Comment : 1 mark. (Take note : It is Hydrostatic pressure !)

Water and small molecules will force out into Bowman's Capsule. It will form glomerulus filtrate.

Comment : 1 mark...Give examples of small molecules )

So you scored 3 marks.

My Answer:

F1 – Ultrafiltration (process take place) in glomerulus.

E1 – diameter of efferent arteriole is smaller than afferent arteriole

E2 – higher hydrostatic pressure occurs in glomerulus

E3 – The fluid and solute in the glomerulus is filtered out through the capillary wall into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule

E4 – The glomerular filtrate has the same composition as the plasma component except it does not contain (of larger component such as) red blood cell and plasma proteins

Any 3 marks

Your Answer:

Reabsorption occur at proximal covoluted tubule.

Comment : No mark here. State another 3 places where it occur.

Nutrients such as amino acids, glucose and minerals will diffuse into blood capillaries.

Comment: 1 mark

Active transport occur to reabsorb all the needed components to the blood.

Comment: No mark..You did not state the examples of the substances.

Water will reabsorb by osmosis.

Comment : 1 mark...but it is still incomplete.

You scored only 2 marks.

My Answer:

P1- Reabsorption process occur along proximal covoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convulated tubule and collecting duct (State at least 3 places)

P2-Useful substances such as glucose/nutrients/ sodiums/amino acids/other ions that have been filtered are reabsorbed.

P3-more water/ some urea are reabsorbed by osmosis

P4- glucose/amino acids/salts by active transport

P5- More water is reabsorbed in the presence of ADH at distal convulated tubule. Any 4 marks.

Your Answer:

Secretion occur at distal covoluted tubule and Loop of Henle.

Comment : It is not at the Loop of Henle..

At the distal tubule, water will reabsorbed.

Comment : not relevant to explain about water here..

At there, most of the salts in the ultra-filtrate will reabsorbed.

Comment: be specific what salts ? and the method !

Liquid in the collecting duct will turn to urine as water and salts are removed.

Comment: wrong concept about urine.

...Sorry..no marks for secretion !

My answer:

P1- When waste/nitrogenous substances/ and excess substances flowing out from the blood into the distal tubule and finally to collecting tubule

P2- to be removed in a form of urine.

P3-Substances such as hydrogen ions/ potassium ions are secreted through passive transport/ diffusion

P4-Substances such as ammonia/ certain drugs/ toxic substances are secreted through active transport

[ 3 max ]

Sample Essay-

Another Trengganu Trial 2010 Essay Question ..Credit to the owner!

8(a) Diagram 8.1 shows the changes that occurs in a lake due to the human activities.

Based on the Diagram 8.1, explain how this activities cause the changes in a lake.

[10 marks]

ANSWER:

F : The condition of the river is the result of eutrophication

P1: Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate

P2: Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate/phosphate may washed out in water when it rains/leaching/run into the lake.

P3: Algae in the lake grow faster (when they are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)

P4: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the water.

P5: Block out the light for plants growing beneath them.

P6: Photosynthesis rate reduced

P7: Dissolve oxygen also reduced

P8: Plant on the top of water and beneath water eventually die.

P9: Their remains are good source of food bacteria //bacteria decomposed the dead plant rapidly//bacteria breed rapidly

P10: The large population of bacteria respires, using up oxygen,so there is very little oxygen left for other living organism

P11: BOD increased

P12: Those fish/ aquatic animal which need oxygen move to other areas or die

[Any 10 points]

Based on your knowledge in biology, explain the harmful effects of the activities to the mankind and their surrounding. Suggest ways to overcome this problem. [ 10 marks]

***EXPLAIN HARMFUL EFFECTS.......MANKIND AND SURROUNDING......and SUGGEST !!

Answer:

Harmful effects to mankind and surrounding:

P1: Industries, factories, and vehicles contribute to air pollution

P2: Industries emit pollutants such as sulphur dioxide/ oxides of nitrogen smoke/fine solid particles

P3: Which can cause respiratory problems/asthma/bronchitis/Irritates the eye

P4: Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain water to form acid rain

P5: Makes the soil acidic and unsuitable for the cultivation of crops

P6: Smoke and haze reduce light intensity cause the rate of photosynthetic decrease.

P7: Which subsequently reduces crop yield

P8: Carbon dioxide lead to green house effect, result in an increase in the atmosphere temperature

P9: Climatic change occur

P10: Hot water is discharged into nearby lakes and river lead thermal pollution

P11: Cause instant death/reduction of aquatic species

Any 6 points

Ways to overcome

P12: Implementation of law to reduce pollution

P13: use unleaded petrol/sewage treatment

P14: (Formal and informal) education stressing (on the concept of recycle, reuse, reduce and renew)

P15: Reduce the burning of fossil fuels

P16: Use alternative energy source/ using renewable energy(solar energy, hydroelectric and wind power)

Any 4 points

Sample Qs-Essay

Another good Qs from Trengganu Trial to consider !

[ 10 marks]

[10 marks]

Answer (a)

F1: Diagram 9(a) / height is a continuous variation

P1: the graph is a bell-shape curve / normal distribution

P2: quantitative / its features can be measured

P3: there are intermediate characteristic

P4: have no distinct categories // have complete range of measurement among the boys

P5: influenced by environmental conditions // causes by environmental and genetic factor // cannot be inherited

P6: controlled by two or more genes [Any 5 / Max 5 marks]

F2: Diagram 9(b) / fingerprint pattern is a discontinuous variation

P7: the graph shows discrete distribution / separate bar column

P8: qualitative / characteristic cannot be measured

P9: there is no intermediate pattern

P10: each pattern is distinctively different

P11: not be influenced by environmental factors / caused by genetic factors only / can be inherited

P12: controlled by one gene [Any 5 / Max 5 marks]

(b) Able to describe how the variation occurs in that species of fish.

P1: the variation take place causes by genetic factors

P2: genetic factors are crossing over, independent assortment (of chromosome), random fertilization and mutation

Crossing over

P3: occurs during prophase I of meiosis

P4: segments of chromatids exchange places / segment of maternal chromatid attaches to paternal chromatid

P5: creates a new combination of genes

P6: a gamete (with various combination of genes) produce when chromatid separate during anaphase II

Independent assortment of chromosome

P7: at metaphase I, homologous pair of chromosome are arranged on the equatorial plate / metaphase plate at random

P8: chromosome (inherited) from the father / mother may pass into the same / different gamete

P9: (some of the ) gamete may have the paternal / maternal genotype

P10: (other) may have different combinations of the paternal and maternal genotype

Random fertilisation

P11: Haploid gamete fertilize / fuse randomly with another different haploid gamete

P12: Form diploid zygote with a new combination of genes / different genetic composition

Mutation

P13: Changes in DNA (due to mutation) produce new genes

P14: Two type of mutation : chromosomal mutation and gene mutation [ 10 max]

Reject : environmental factors because is not be inherited

Sample Qs-Structure.

A good Qs from Trengganu Trial 2010

QUESTION 1

Answer:

P = hypertonic solution

Q = hypotonic solution [ 1+1 marks]

QUESTION (b) Explain the phenomenon that occurs on animal cell B in solution P and Q

Answer:

(a) Solution P:

F1: Phenomenon is crenation .

P1: Solution P is hypertonic compare to animal cell / cell B.

P2: Water diffused out from animal cell / cell B by osmosis

P3: Animal Cell / cell B shrivels / shrink [ max 3 marks]

Solution Q:

F2: Phenomenon is haemolysis

P4: Solution Q is hypotonic compare to the animal cell / cell B.

P5: Water diffused into animal cell / cell B by osmosis.

P6: Animal cell / cell B expand and burst [max 3 marks]

QUESTION :

(c) Explain why on a hot day and dry season a plant wilt. [ 2 marks]

ANSWER:

F: (On hot day,) plant loses water by transpiration / evaporation of water vapour through the stomata.

P: Plant cells become plasmolysed., causing the plant to wilt.

QUESTION:

Explain how the water move into the cell Z. [ 2 marks]

ANSWER:

P1: The soil water is hypotonic compare to cell sap of root hair // the cell sap is hypertonic compare to the soil solution

P2: Water diffused into cell sap of root hair by osmosis.

TOTAL = 12 marks

Somatic Cells Versus Stem Cells

I'm responding to Adi's question: What is the difference between stem cells and somatic cells?

STEM CELL is a basic cell which can divide and develop into cells with particular functions. Other cells in the body 'stem' from this type of cells (hence, the name stem cells ).

Stem cells are undiffrentiated cells that can undergo unlimited division to form other cells. This means stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves, unlike other body cells.
They are also unspecialised which can potentially become any type of cells.
They differentiate to form specialised functioning body cells such as skin cells, red blood cells, nerve cells, and skeletal muscle cells under certain condition.
They remain in the body until they get a signal to diffrentiate or gradually change into the desired cell type. This occurs when specific genes in the stem cell are turned on.This process helps cells to specialise so they can carry out different function.

There are two types of stem cells:
1. the embryonic stem cells.
2.An adult stem cells.

Please visit this site for details of Stem cells:

http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp

Somatic cells (diploid) are any cells forming the body of an organism. It is a non-sex cell . In humans, somatic cells contain 46 individual chromosomes, .

(I would suggest it to be mentioned if the question asking about where MITOSIS takes place in human and animals = SOMATIC CELLS (Not stem cells)

Scientists also use the term somatic stem cell instead of adult stem cell, where somatic refers to cells of the body (not the germ cells, sperm or eggs).

Undifferentiated stem cells—is a somatic cell: internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue are all made up of somatic cells.

The word "somatic" is derived from the Greek word sōma, meaning "body".

Hope it helps !

Forecast Bio Set2 Paper 2

Question 1:

Movement of substance across plasma membrane (Diagram)

-Fluid mosaic model

-iso/hypo/hypertonic

Question 2:

Cell Division (Diagram)

-Meiosis relate with variation

Question 3:

Endangered Ecosystem (Diagram)

-Air pollution/ green house effect, global warming

-Acidic rain- gases involve

-the effects

Question 4:

Dynamic ecosytem (Diagram)

-Interaction

-Population ecology- Quadrat sampling

-Abiotic factors affecting population

Question 5:

Growth (Diagram/ Graph)

- Human- boy and girl

-plant-primary and secondary growth

ESSAY

Question 6:

Nutrition (Diagram/ Graphs)

-Leaves

-Photosynthesis-factors affecting

Question 7:

Respiration (Diagram/Graphs)

-Regulatory mechanism in respiration

Question 8:

Transport (Diagram/Graphs)

-Immunity

-Defence mechanism-third line

-Lymphocytes and lymphatic system

-AIDS

Question 9:

Coordination (Diagram)

-Homeostasis- Osmoregulation

-Hormones involved and negative feedback mechanism.

-Kidney and urine formation

Forecast Bio Set1 Paper 2

Question 1: (Diagram)

Cell Structure and Function

-Cell specialisation and organisation in multiorganism

Question 2: (Diagram)

Chemical Composition

-protein- structure and function

-carbohydrate- structure and function : starch, cellulose, glycogen

-Enzyme synthesis

Question 3: (Diagram)

Dynamic Ecosystem

-succession, colonisation, pioneer, climax community

-Mangrove-adaptation

Question 4:(Diagram)

Transport

-Heart-structure

-Blood vessels: artery,vein,blood capillary

-Circulatory system in man and animals.

-Erythrocytes adaptation to transport oxygen and CO2

Question 5: (Diagram/ Graph)

Reproduction

-Menstrual cycle- calendar/ graphs

-Hormones

- early development of zygote

ESSAY

Question 6:(Diagram/ Table)

Nutrition

-Evaluate eating habits- Food pyramid, Food Labels, Tables

-Food production-technology

Question 7: (Graphs)

Dynamic Ecosystem

-Impact of microorganism on life (Except nitrogen cycle)

-prey predator

-competition-graphs (PAPER 3)

Question 8:(Diagram)

Coordination

-Nervous system- transmission of impulse in voluntary and involuntary action

-synapses role

Question 9:(Statement)

Inheritance

-Genetic chart - the application of Mendel 1 st Law

-Colored-blind ( Except haemophilia)

-Albino

-Variation

-mutation

Forecast Bio Paper 2

Finally I'm presenting two sets of Forecast Paper 2..Have a look at the images first..I will publish the proper one again..The following is supposed to be my draft :-)

Click on images to enlarge!

BIO SPM 2010

YOUR BIOLOGY PAPERS ARE SCHEDULED ON:

WEDNESDAY

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

8 Th DECEMBER 2010

FAQ-Chapter 15-Variation

Paper 2:

1. Comparing continuous variation and discontinuous variation. [ 6 marks]

**Comparing means similarities and differences please !

2.Effects of genetic factors on variation- Relate with meiosis.

3. Effects of environmental factors on Variation- food, climate, living life styles.

4. Chromosomal mutations and Gene Mutation

FAQ- Chapter 14 -Inheritance

1. Make sure you know

i. how to draw the proper, complete genetic chart for both Mendel's Laws-

ii. you know very well the genetic terms such : pure breed, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous, Filial 1 generation and so on..

**If you understand all the terms, then only you will be able to start solving the problem.

2. Read the question carefully, underline the Command / Task word .

To explain means : draw Diagram and explain !

Unless the question stated as 'Draw the chart..'Make sure the diagram is labelled correctly.

3. ABO blood group system

4. Color blindness

5.Contribution of genetic engineering :

i. agriculture [ 3 marks]

ii. GMO [ 2 marks]

iii. medical sector.[ 4 marks]

iv. DNA finger printing. [ 3 marks]

v. Human genome project .[ 3 marks ]

**1 mark means 1 sentence of explanation.

FAQ-Chapter 13-Reproduction & Growth

Paper 2:

1. Oogenesis- Diagram and the event.

2. Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle: FSH, LH, Oestrogen and progesterone: Interpreting graphs : Facts + Explanation.

3. Fertilisation and early development of zygote - The Diagram and the Event. [ 6 marks]

4. The formation of pollen grains [ 4 marks] Versus The formation of the embryo sac in the ovule [ 5 marks]

5. Growth curve of Girls Versus Boys. Interpret graph - Facts + Explanation.- Relate it with Growth hormones.

FAQ-Chapter 12- Coordination and Response

Paper 2 :

1. The transmission pathway of information: From Receptor to Effector- The flow chart of the event..Response to the question whether it is a Voluntary action, Involuntary action or even REFLEX ACTION.

* Dont forget the involvement of the 3 types of neurones !

2. The transmission of information across SYNAPSE [ 4 marks]

3. Involuntary action controlled by SPINAL CORD - Reflex action . The effectors are skeletal muscles ![ 6 marks]

4. Involuntary actions controlled by MEDULA OBLONGATA- digestion, blood circulation, breathing..the effectors are smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands!

5. Coordination involving THE NERVOUS SYSTEM and THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM in a 'fight or flight' situation- Adrenaline . [ 5 marks]

6. Kidney and urine formation:

Ultrafiltration [ 3 marks], Reabsoption [ 3 marks], Secretion [ 2 marks]

7. Diagram of a functional nephrone.

8. Compare excretion and urination

9.Relating blood osmotic pressure to urine output. (Paper 3)

10. Mechanism of osmoregulation - The negative feedback mechanism- The chart - Homeostasis...Make sure to response to the question of the situation : Too much water or too little water !

11. The regulation of body temperature. The chart.

FAQ-Chapter 11- Locomotion and Support

Paper 2 Hot Favorites :

1. Able to identify and state ONE special feature of cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae

2. The role of bones [ 2marks], tendon [ 2 marks], ligament [2 marks], skeletal muscles[3 marks], joints [ 1 mark] IN movement.

3. Healthy musculoskeletal system : balanced diet and good posture.