Diagram shows a transect through a mangrove swamps ecosystem.
a. Based on Diagram , explain succession in mangrove swamps.
[10 marks]
b. Explain the adaptive characteristics of mangrove plants to ensure its survival.
[10 marks]
[10 marks]
b. Explain the adaptive characteristics of mangrove plants to ensure its survival.
[10 marks]
Suggested answer:
(a)P1 – Pioneer species in mangrove swamps are Avicennia and Sonneratia..
P2 – Extensive root systems of these trees collect sediments, including organic matter from decaying plants.
P3 – As time passes, soil become more compact and firm.
P4 – This condition favours growth of successor species , Rhizophora.
P5 – Arching prop roots of Rhizophora trap silt and mud.
P6 – Creating a firmer soil and over time.
P7 – Ground becomes higher and soil becomes drier.
P8 – Condition now becomes more suitable for second
successor species , Brugueira.
P9 – Buttress root of Brugueira form loops which protrude from soil to trap more silt and mud.
P10- Modifies soil structure gradually.
P11- Over time, terrestrial plants begin to replace Brugueira.P12- Terrestrial forest eventually become tropical rainforest, which is the climax community.
P2 – Extensive root systems of these trees collect sediments, including organic matter from decaying plants.
P3 – As time passes, soil become more compact and firm.
P4 – This condition favours growth of successor species , Rhizophora.
P5 – Arching prop roots of Rhizophora trap silt and mud.
P6 – Creating a firmer soil and over time.
P7 – Ground becomes higher and soil becomes drier.
P8 – Condition now becomes more suitable for second
successor species , Brugueira.
P9 – Buttress root of Brugueira form loops which protrude from soil to trap more silt and mud.
P10- Modifies soil structure gradually.
P11- Over time, terrestrial plants begin to replace Brugueira.P12- Terrestrial forest eventually become tropical rainforest, which is the climax community.
(b)F1 – Avicennia has long underground cable roots
P1 – give support in soft muddy soil and protect from strong coastal wind.
F2 – pneumatophores
P2 – breathing roots that allow gaseous exchange during low tide.
F3 – present of hydatodes
P3 – pores in the epidermis of leaves which excretes excess salts.
F4 – Leaves with thick cuticles.
P4 – reduce rate of transpiration during hot weather.
F5 – succulent leaves
P5 – able to store water to prevent dehydaration.
F6 – root cells have higher osmotic pressure than
surrounding salt water.
P6 – prevent cell sap of roots lose water by osmosis.
F7 – viviparous seeds.
P7 – increase the chance of survival of the seedlings as they can float on water.
P1 – give support in soft muddy soil and protect from strong coastal wind.
F2 – pneumatophores
P2 – breathing roots that allow gaseous exchange during low tide.
F3 – present of hydatodes
P3 – pores in the epidermis of leaves which excretes excess salts.
F4 – Leaves with thick cuticles.
P4 – reduce rate of transpiration during hot weather.
F5 – succulent leaves
P5 – able to store water to prevent dehydaration.
F6 – root cells have higher osmotic pressure than
surrounding salt water.
P6 – prevent cell sap of roots lose water by osmosis.
F7 – viviparous seeds.
P7 – increase the chance of survival of the seedlings as they can float on water.
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