- Muscles require more Oxygen and glucose during vigorous exersice in order to release energy during cellular respiration
- this lead to an increase in the heart beat which
- caused the increase in the rate of respiration
- as the rate of respiration increases, the supply of glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration increases
- thus more carbon dioxide can be removed from the cell.
Explain the response of human respiratory toward different situation:
1. During vigorous activity such as running, aerobic exercise
- Breathing rate increases
- Heartbeat rate increases
- the increased in heart beat helps the blood to deliver more oxygen
- and more glucose to the respiring cells.
2. In fear
- breathing rate increases
- adrenal gland secrete adrenalin
- causing an increase in heart beat
3. At high altitude
??SPM 2007- essay No.6
- Explain cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic ) in muscle tissue and yeast cell.
- Explain the difference in physiological process of two individuals: vigorous activity and at rest. (lung, heart, kidney)
- Explain the differences in % of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the pond based on graph given.
The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide contents in the body.
- Breathing is an involuntary action controlled by respiratory centre.
- The respiratory centre is located in the medula oblongata.
- Chemoreceptor function to monitor the chemical content of the blood
- Both aortic and carotid bodies are sensitive to the oxygen exchange in the blood.
- and also sensitive to pH values of the blood and carbon dioxide content.
Take note:
1.The regulatory mechanism during vigorous exercise. (The Flow chart showing the sequence of event )
2. The regulatory mechanism of the oxygen content in human body
The importance of maintaining a healthy respiratory system
..Smoking...........................Experiment in the Lab..
Related QS:
1. Explain how smoking would change the structure of alvelous [2 marks]
Answer:
F1-Damage the alveoli wall
P1-Reduces total surface area
F2-Heat (release by burning cigarette)
P2-(increase body temperature) damage the tissue lining of alveoli
F3-Tar
P3-Deposits on the alveolus, reduce the efficiency for gases exchange
F4-Acidic condition
P4-Corrodes/damages the alveolus
2. How would carbon monoxide in the cigarette smoke affect the rate of cellular respiration ? [3 marks]
Answer:
P1: Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen to bind with
Haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
P2: It reduced the supply oxygen to cell
P3: thus reduce aerobic respiration
3. Explain how smoking can decrease the efficiency of the function of R in respiration. [3 marks]
Answer:
-Smoke contains tar, nicotine, carbon dioxide and heat / high temperature.
-tar deposited at alveolus wall / R decrease the permeability towards the respiratory gases/ rate of diffusion of respiratory gases / gaseous exchange.
- Air inhaled contains more CO2, decrease the gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.
-Alveolus wall less moist / dry, decrease the rate of diffusion of respiratory gaseous.
and you should be able to explain at least THREE diseases caused by cigarrate contents:
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 different chemicals. At least 50 are known carcinogens (cause cancer in humans) and many are poisonous.
i. benzene & Formldehyde
ii.Nicotine
iii.tar
eg: Lung cancer...actually caused by carcinogenic substances such as BENZENE and FORMALDEHYDEs in Tobacco. TAR can also cause lung cancer
Nicotine is a drug in tobacco causing addiction BUT NOT Lung cancer.
- When a person smokes a cigarette, the body responds immediately to the chemical nicotine in the smoke.
- Nicotine causes a short-term increase in blood pressure, heart rate and the flow of blood from the heart.
- It also causes the arteries to narrow.
- The smoke includes carbon monoxide, which reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry.
- This, combined with the nicotine effects, creates an imbalance between the demand for oxygen by the cells and the amount of oxygen the blood can supply.
- How does nicotine in cigarettes increase the risk of heart attack?
- Cigarette smoking may increase the risk of developing hardening of the arteries and heart attacks in several ways.
- First, carbon monoxide may damage the inner walls of the arteries,
- encouraging fatty buildups in them.
- Over time, this causes the vessels to narrow and harden.
- Nicotine may also contribute to this process.
- Smoking also causes several changes in the blood that make clots — and heart attack — more likely.
TAR- Particulate matter drawn into lungs when you inhale on a lighted cigarette.
- Once inhaled, smoke condenses and about 70 per cent of the tar in the smoke is deposited in the smoker's lungs.
Tar is a major cause of lung cancer, emphysema and bronchitis. - It also kills the cilia in the lining of the lungs.
- The more visible effects are discoloring of the teeth, fingernails, gum disease, mouth cancer and many more very dangerous effects.
***Cigarretes do not cause asthma please...For your SPM, just take note of the above diseases...
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