- Respiration is the metabolic process in which organic molecules are broken down into smaller products with the release of chemical energy for other living process.
- External respiration or breathing in is an alternate process that involves the obtaining of oxygen and removing carbon dioxide between the respiratory surfaces of an organism and its environment.
Model of human lungs in the respiratory mechanism has been asked in Paper 2, 2005. It was about the equivalent structures between the model and human lungs...And the question also asked about the J-tube experiment!!..You can consider the J-Tube experiment for your Paper 3, Question 1...
..and the ribcage model..The involvement of intercostal muscles : Internal and external...AND diaphragm muscles
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE CONTRACTION
A. Inspiration (inhalation)
1. active process (requires skeletal muscle contraction)
B.Expiration (exhalation)
1. Quiet breathing
a. passive
- Internal respiration or cellular respiration is the biochemical process in which energy is made available to all living cells.
- Two types of internal respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration requires continues supply of oxygen which is obtained from the atmosphere during external respiration
- Anaerobic respiration...absence of oxygen
What you should know about Aerobic respiration?
- In the presence of OXYGEN it involves the complete breakdown of GLUCOSE and release CARBON DIOXIDE, ENERGY (ATP) AND WATER.
- ATP is an instant energy and it is released within seconds for physiological rocess such as muscle contraction.
What you should know about Anaerobic respiration?
- In human muscles a.k.a Lactic acid fermentation
- In yeast a.k.a alcoholic fermentation.
**For both cases, you should be able to explain: What? Why? When? Who? How? (4W+1H)
In 2007, There was a question on anaerobic respiration of yeast.
Paper 3 Question 2: (Pls check the full question from Koleksi Kertas Peperiksaan Sebenar SPM-Cerdik Pub-2009, page 150)
..design a lab experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast.
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:..
Aim:
(TIPS: Copy direct from the question....)
To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast.
Problem Statement: HOW DOES temperature Affect The rate of anaerobic respiration (in yeast) ?
- TIPS:
- temperature: MV
- The rate of anaerobic respiration : RV ..
- OR you can also write The height of coloured liquid (If your apparatus is manometer!!)
- The use of HOW DOES is better..You can use WHAT or DOES too
- and dont ever forget the question mark ( ?)
Hypothesis:
...of course must include: MV, RV and Relationship.
Suggested Answer:
As the temperature increases, the rate of anerobis respiration increases.
OR
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of anaerobic respiration.
Variables:
MV
RV
FV
Apparatus and materials:
Technique: Measure and Record the change in height of the coloured liquid by using ruler.
OR Calculating the rate of anaerobic respiration by using the formula : Change in height/ Time taken.
Procedure:
Result:
Conclusion:
........................................The rest i leave to you to complete...
Other possible experiments (Paper 3) for this chapter are :
1.Carry out an experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast.
2.The effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast.( 2007)
3.Conduct an experiment to investigate the differences between inhale and exhale air
4. Conduct an experiment to study the effect of a vigorous exersice on the rate of respiration and heart beat.
5. Conduct an experiment to show the effects of cigarette smoke on white cotton wool and draw an anology between the lung and the white cotton wool.
When doing activity, Energy is needed for contraction and relaxation of the skeletal muscle during this activity. Other than that, what is the necessity of energy to the living organism?
Cell division., Active transport
Synthesis of lipid
Maintaining of body temperature
During active activity, the skeletal muscle cramps . Why ?
· The excess oxygen is used more than the rate of oxygen supplied
· Anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cell
· The accumulation of lactic acid to cause muscle tiredness.
Explain the mechanisme occur to recover this condition (anaerobic respiration)
- Ventilation rate increase
- The breathing rate increase
- panting to get more oxygen and expel of carbon dioxide.
- Heartbeat rate pumped oxygenated blood to the body cell
- to oxidize the accumulated lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
The comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration:
...List down the similarities first:
Similarities between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration:
BOTH ARE:
1.Cellular respiration
2 the breakdown of glucose
3 production of energy
4.Catalysed by enzyme
...Then the TABLE of differences....
Sample Question
The diagram shows the structure of respiration surface in organisms.
Explain how does the large total surface area per volume ratio in the organisms respiratory structure achieved ?
a. Amoeba : microscopic size can increase the TSA/V ratio
b. Insect : Tracheal system which consist of small vessel called tracheal can increase the TSA/V ratio
sac with the thin membrane.
d. Human : Large number of alveolus.(7-9 million of alveoli)
e. Fish : Lamellae richly with blood capillaries
- Has a large total of surface area or large TSA/V ratio
- Moist surface area
- One cell thick
- Dense network of blood capillary
...You should know everything about alveolus ..the drawing and the labelling of its structure..It has already being asked in SPM and quite popular when adaptations are concerned...( Basically, most of the organs in our body have more or less the same characteristics /adaptations...I guess you know what...)
**and you may write as many combinations as possible, let the examiner chooses (maybe) 4 maximum marks..
[8 marks]
- When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases ( as the result of active cellular respiration during vigorous exercise),
- the carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid
- This causes pH value in the blood to drop
- The drop in pH is detected by Central chemoreceptors ( carotid and aortic bodies)
- ( The central and peripheral chemoreceptors ) send nerve impulses to respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
- The respiratory centre then sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles.
- Causing the respiratory muscles to contract and relax faster
- As a result, the breathing rate
- and ventilation rates increase
- As excess carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body,
- the carbon dioxide concentration and pH of the blood return to normal
Lets Try these Qs:
A External respiration
B Anaerobic respiration
C Aerobic respiration
2.Which of the following product is released during anaerobic respiration in human muscles?
A Ethanol
B Lactic acid
C Carbon dioxide
D Water
A lipid
B glucose
C amino acid
D glycogen
4.In human body, how is carbon dioxide being transported?
I In the form of oxyhaemoglobin
II In the form of bicarbonate ions
III In the form of carbaminohaemoglobin
IV In the form of dissolved carbon dioxide
A I and III only
B II and IV only
C I, II and III only
D II, III and IV only
A alveolus
B. bronchus
C trachea
D bronchiole
7. Which of the following structure is used by the amoeba to carry out gaseous exchanges?
A Pseudopodium
B Plasma membrane
C Cytoplasm
D Vacuole
8. Which of the following processes occurs during gaseous exchange between the alveolus and the blood capillary.
A Osmosis
B Evaporation
C Diffusion
D Dialysis
9. In the absence of oxygen the skeletal muscles contract using energy from the breakdown of glucose and glycogen to
A ethanol and water
B energy and water
C ethanol and lactic acid
D lactic acid and energy
10. Which of the following is not involved in the transportation of carbon dioxide by the blood.
A Carbonic acid
B Carbaminohaemoglobin
C Hydrogen carbonate ion
D Carbon monoxide
11. Which of the following will result in an increase in the thoracic cavity volume
I Contraction of the external intercostal muscle
II Contraction of the diaphragm muscle
III Inward movement of the rib cage
IV Contraction of the trachea
A I and II B II and III
B I, II and III D II, III and IV
12. What are the end products of aerobic respiration in green plants?
I. Oxygen III Carbon dioxide
II Ethanol IV Water
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. III and IV
13.Air is inhaled when
I The internal intercostal muscles relax
II The rib cage move upwards and outward
III The Diaphragm muscles relax
IV The pressure in thoracic cavity decreases
A. I and II
B. I,II and III
C. II and IV
D. I, II and IV
14. What are the common characteristics shown by the respiratory surfaces of animals
I They are thin
II They are moist
III They have a large surface area
IV They are cover by a network of capillaries
A. I and II
B. I,II and III
C. III and IV
D. I, II, III and IV
15. Which statement about ATP is not true?
A. it has low energy
B. it is a fast source of energy
C. it is formed in the mitochondria
D. it is energy that is produced from the break-down of glucose
16. Which of the following statement about respiration is true?
A. Respiration occurs only in the day time
B. Only plants carry out respiration
C. Internal respiration involves the oxidation of food
D. Respiration occurs only at night
17. The final products of anaerobic respiration in yeast are…
A. ethanol and carbon dioxide
B. lactic acid and carbon dioxide
C. ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy
D. lactic acid, carbon dioxide and energy
18. Muscle fatigue which results from vigorous activity will decrease after….
A. the oxidation of lactic acid
B. the transport of lactic acid to the lungs
C. the conversion of lactic acid to glucose
D. the neutralization of lactic acid by the salts in the body
19. The rings of cartilage of the human trachea function to……
A. decrease the loss of water vapour from the lung
B. ease the swallowing of food through it
C. protect the trachea from injury
D. prevent the trachea from collapsing
20. Which of the following statement about insect is true?
A. The breathing system is made up of trachea
B. Blood in pumped into the tracheal system
C. Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix in the haemocoele
D. Blood flows in the blood vessels
21. Which of the following shows correctly the passage of gas during exhalation?
A. Alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → larynx → trachea
B. Alveolus → bronchus → bronchiole → trachea → larynx
C. Alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → trachea → larynx
D. Trachea → larynx →bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus
22. Exchange of gases across the surface of human alveolus occurs through…
A. osmosis
B. diffusion
C. metabolism
D. active transport
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